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WorksheetsPerception and Individual Decision Making
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
Which of the following is a factor that influences perception?
Past experiences
Physical strength
Mathematical ability
Geographical location
Attribution theory is best described as:
A theory that explains how individuals interpret and assign causes to events and behaviors.
A theory that focuses on the biological basis of behavior.
A theory that describes the stages of cognitive development.
A theory that examines the influence of genetics on intelligence.
The link between perception and decision making is that perception influences how individuals interpret information and make choices.
Perception influences how individuals interpret information and make choices.
Decision making determines how perception is formed.
Perception and decision making are unrelated processes.
Decision making only occurs after perception is complete.
The rational model of decision making is contrasted with bounded rationality and intuition in terms of their approach to problem-solving. Which of the following best describes this contrast?
The rational model relies on logical analysis, while bounded rationality acknowledges cognitive limitations and intuition depends on gut feelings.
All three models use only logical analysis to make decisions.
Bounded rationality and intuition both ignore cognitive limitations.
Intuition and the rational model both require complete information for decision making.
Individual differences and organizational constraints affect decision making by:
Influencing how decisions are made and the outcomes achieved.
Ensuring all decisions are made objectively without bias.
Eliminating the need for group input in decision processes.
Guaranteeing that all decisions lead to optimal results.
Contrast the three ethical decision criteria.
The three ethical decision criteria are utilitarianism, rights, and justice, each focusing on outcomes, individual entitlements, and fairness respectively.
The three ethical decision criteria are honesty, loyalty, and courage, each focusing on personal virtues.
The three ethical decision criteria are profit, efficiency, and competition, each focusing on business success.
The three ethical decision criteria are tradition, authority, and popularity, each focusing on social norms.
The three-stage model of creativity consists of which of the following stages?
Preparation, Incubation, Illumination
Planning, Execution, Evaluation
Observation, Analysis, Synthesis
Initiation, Development, Completion
According to the Employability Skills Matrix (ESM), which employability skill is relevant to all activity types listed?
Leadership
Teamwork
Technical Skills
Communication
Based on the Employability Skills Matrix (ESM), which activity type is associated with 'Communication'?
Toward a Better World, Case Incident
Team Building Exercise
Technical Workshop
Research Project
Which of the following employability skills is NOT associated with 'Experiential Exercise' according to the Employability Skills Matrix (ESM)?
A) Critical Thinking & Creativity
B) Self-Management
C) Social Responsibility
D) Communication
Who are the three entrepreneurs mentioned in the passage 'Individual Intuition Igniting Innovation'?
Richard Branson, James Dyson, Ella Woodward
Elon Musk, Steve Jobs, Oprah Winfrey
Mark Zuckerberg, Jeff Bezos, Sara Blakely
Bill Gates, Arianna Huffington, Howard Schultz
According to the passage 'Individual Intuition Igniting Innovation', what is the common trait among Richard Branson, James Dyson, and Ella Woodward?
Strong, innovative, entrepreneurial intuition
Exceptional athletic ability
Advanced technical programming skills
Expertise in financial management
In the passage 'Individual Intuition Igniting Innovation', which entrepreneur is associated with the diagnosis of postural tachycardia syndrome?
Ella Woodward
Sara Blakely
Brian Chesky
Whitney Wolfe Herd
According to the passage, all business decisions made by Richard Branson, James Dyson, and Ella Woodward were solely based on intuition.
True
False
Based on the passage, which entrepreneur is known for making decisions based on market research?
James Dyson
Elon Musk
Steve Jobs
Oprah Winfrey
Explain how intuition and rationalized judgment both play a role in decision making, as described in the passage 'Individual Intuition Igniting Innovation'.
Intuition provides creative insights while rationalized judgment ensures logical evaluation in decision making.
Intuition and rationalized judgment are always in conflict during decision making.
Only rationalized judgment is important in decision making, intuition is irrelevant.
Intuition is used only when rationalized judgment fails in decision making.
Which of the following are factors that influence perception?
Motivation, past experiences, expectations, and cultural background
Only intelligence and memory
Physical strength and endurance
Weather conditions and time of day
Perception is a process by which individuals _______ and _______ their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment.
organize, interpret
ignore, distort
forget, remember
observe, neglect
Perception is important in the study of organizational behavior (OB) because:
It helps understand how individuals interpret and respond to situations within organizations.
It determines the financial success of an organization.
It is the only factor influencing employee motivation.
It eliminates all conflicts in the workplace.
Refer to Exhibit 6-1. Which of the following is NOT a factor in the perceiver that influences perception?
A) Attitudes
D) Interests
B) Motives
E) Experience
C) Novelty
Refer to Exhibit 6-1. Fill in the blank: Factors in the situation that influence perception include ________, work setting, and social setting.
Time
Personality
Experience
Education
Which of the following is a factor in the target that influences perception?
Attitudes
Novelty
Motives
Experience
According to the passage, what are some personal characteristics of the perceiver that can influence perception?
Attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations.
Physical strength, height, and weight.
Geographical location and climate.
Technological skills and computer literacy.
Explain how the relationship of a target to its background can influence perception, according to the passage.
The relationship of a target to its background can make the target easier or harder to perceive.
The relationship of a target to its background has no effect on perception.
The relationship of a target to its background only affects color perception.
The relationship of a target to its background always makes the target invisible.
Describe attribution theory.
Attribution theory explains how individuals interpret the causes of behavior and events.
Attribution theory is a method for improving memory retention.
Attribution theory focuses on the biological basis of emotions.
Attribution theory is a system for classifying personality types.
What is attribution theory?
An attempt to explain the ways we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a behavior, such as determining whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused.
A theory that explains how people learn new behaviors through observation and imitation.
A concept that describes how individuals store and retrieve memories based on emotional significance.
A framework for understanding how motivation influences decision-making in groups.
What does attribution theory suggest about how we determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused?
Attribution theory suggests that we attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused by considering distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency.
Attribution theory suggests that we determine behavior causes solely by observing the individual's emotions.
Attribution theory suggests that behavior is always internally caused regardless of the situation.
Attribution theory suggests that external factors are never considered when evaluating behavior.
Internally caused behaviors are those an observer believes to be under the personal behavioral control of another individual.
True
False
Externally caused behavior is what we imagine the situation forced the individual to do.
True
False
Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining whether a behavior is internally or externally caused according to attribution theory?
A) Distinctiveness
B) Consensus
C) Consistency
D) Motivation
Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual displays different behavior in different situations. Fill in the blank: If the employee who arrives late today also regularly 'blows off' other kinds of commitments, we are likely to give it an ______ attribution.
internal
external
situational
temporary
Consensus refers to whether everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way. If all employees took the same route and were late, would you give an internal or external attribution to their lateness?
external
internal
personal
individual
If an employee is late three times a week, are you more likely to attribute their lateness to internal or external causes?
internal
external
situational
organizational
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
The tendency to attribute one's own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors.
The tendency to attribute ambiguous information as relatively flattering.
The tendency to make external attributions more frequently than internal attributions.
Fill in the blank: Self-serving bias is the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to _______ factors and put the blame for failures on _______ factors.
internal; external
external; internal
external; external
internal; internal
According to the diagram, if an individual's behavior is high in distinctiveness, high in consensus, and low in consistency, is the attribution of cause likely to be internal or external?
Internal
External
Both internal and external
Neither internal nor external
Based on the text, collectivist cultures differ from individualist cultures in making attributions in which of the following ways?
Collectivist cultures emphasize situational factors, while individualist cultures emphasize personal traits.
Collectivist cultures emphasize personal traits, while individualist cultures emphasize situational factors.
Both cultures emphasize personal traits equally.
Both cultures emphasize situational factors equally.
According to the passage 'Volkswagen: Going Green or Just Greenwashing?', what is greenwashing?
Greenwashing is when organizations misrepresent themselves or manipulate others’ perceptions to make them appear as engaging in socially responsible practices, especially environmental performance, when that is not the case.
Greenwashing is a process where companies use only green-colored products to promote their brand.
Greenwashing is when organizations invest heavily in renewable energy sources to improve their environmental performance.
Greenwashing is a term used for cleaning vehicles using eco-friendly detergents.
Which of the following car models were mentioned as part of Volkswagen's marketing campaign to tout low emissions?
Jetta
Beetle
Golf
Passat
All of the above
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) discovered that more than 11 million VW vehicles were being sold in America and Europe that did not meet the low emissions standards.
True
False
What was the purpose of the 'defeat device' software installed in Volkswagen cars, according to the passage?
The 'defeat device' software was designed to detect when the car was being tested and alter its readings to improve performance on the test, allowing the cars to operate below standards during tests but emit higher emissions during normal operation.
The 'defeat device' software was designed to improve fuel efficiency during normal driving conditions.
The 'defeat device' software was installed to enhance the car's acceleration and speed.
The 'defeat device' software was used to reduce noise levels produced by the engine.
What are some consequences for companies found guilty of greenwashing?
Consequences include cease-and-desist orders, prison sentences, and fines of up to $16,000 per violation, as well as potential damage to reputation and loss of customer trust.
Consequences include tax breaks, increased government funding, and public awards for environmental efforts.
Consequences include automatic renewal of business licenses and exemption from environmental regulations.
Consequences include mandatory participation in green marketing campaigns and free advertising from environmental agencies.
Explain how customer perceptions can change after a company is found guilty of greenwashing.
Customers may become aware of the company’s practices, make separate attributions of their intent and worthiness, and may lose trust, stop purchasing the product, and even recommend legal action against the company.
Customers may become more loyal to the company and increase their purchases.
Customers may ignore the company’s actions and continue purchasing as usual.
Customers may believe the company is more environmentally friendly than before.
Fill in the blank: The tendency to choose to interpret what one sees based on one's interests, background, experience, and attitudes is called _________.
selective perception
confirmation bias
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
Fill in the blank: The tendency to draw a positive general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic is known as the _________?
halo effect
recency effect
contrast effect
stereotype
Fill in the blank: The tendency to draw a negative general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic is known as the _________
horns effect
halo effect
recency effect
primacy effect
Fill in the blank: Evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics is called the _________
contrast effect
halo effect
recency effect
primacy effect
Fill in the blank: When we judge someone based on our perception of the group to which they belong, we are _________
stereotyping
empathizing
generalizing
isolating
What is the definition of a self-fulfilling prophecy? Fill in the blank: A self-fulfilling prophecy is a situation in which an individual's behavior is determined by others' expectations, causing the expectation to come true.
A situation in which an individual's behavior is determined by others' expectations, causing the expectation to come true.
A situation in which an individual's behavior is determined by their own desires, regardless of others' expectations.
A situation in which an individual's behavior is unpredictable and not influenced by expectations.
A situation in which an individual's behavior is determined by random chance, not expectations.
According to the text, what is a common error made by interviewers during employment interviews?
They rely too much on information elicited later in the interview
They make perceptual judgments based on early impressions
They always use multiple independent evaluators
They ignore first impressions
What is the main consequence of managers having low expectations of their employees, according to the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy?
A) Employees will likely exceed expectations
B) Employees will likely meet those low expectations
C) Employees will ignore expectations
D) Employees will leave the organization
Explain how performance evaluations can be both objective and subjective, and discuss the potential problems with subjective evaluations as described in the passage.
Performance evaluations can be both objective and subjective; subjective evaluations may lead to bias and inconsistency.
Performance evaluations are always objective and never subjective.
Subjective evaluations are more reliable than objective ones in all cases.
Objective evaluations are problematic because they always involve personal opinions.
Describe how social media can impact recruitment and hiring decisions, including both positive and negative effects mentioned in the passage.
Social media can both help recruiters find suitable candidates and lead to potential bias or privacy concerns.
Social media only has negative effects on recruitment and hiring decisions.
Social media is not used in recruitment and hiring decisions at all.
Social media guarantees fair and unbiased recruitment and hiring decisions.
Summarize the research findings on the use of Facebook profiles in hiring decisions as discussed in the passage.
Research shows that employers may use Facebook profiles to assess candidates' personality and suitability for jobs.
Research shows that Facebook profiles are never considered in hiring decisions.
Research shows that Facebook profiles are only used to check candidates' age.
Research shows that Facebook profiles are used to determine candidates' salary expectations.
Discuss the potential remedies for decision-making biases in performance evaluations and hiring.
Implementing structured interviews and standardized evaluation criteria
Relying solely on gut feeling during interviews
Ignoring feedback from multiple evaluators
Making decisions based on personal preferences
The link between perception and decision making is that:
Perception influences how decisions are made by interpreting information.
Decision making determines perception without any influence from external information.
Perception and decision making are completely unrelated processes.
Decision making only occurs after perception is completed and never overlaps.
Contrast the rational model of decision making with bounded rationality and intuition.
The rational model assumes complete information and logical analysis, while bounded rationality recognizes cognitive limits and intuition relies on gut feelings.
All three models require complete information and logical analysis.
Bounded rationality and intuition are identical in their approach to decision making.
The rational model and intuition both ignore cognitive limitations.
Which group of managers spends at least 31% of their time on decision making, according to the chart?
Up to 50% effectiveness
51% - 80% effectiveness
81% - 100% effectiveness
Up to 30% of their time
What is the first step in the Rational Decision-Making Model?
Identify the decision criteria
Define the problem
Allocate weights to the criteria
Develop the alternatives
Fill in the blank: The second step in the Rational Decision-Making Model is _________
Identify the decision criteria
Define the problem
Evaluate the alternatives
Implement the solution
Fill in the blank: The third step in the Rational Decision-Making Model is _________.
Allocate weights to the criteria
Identify the problem
Develop alternatives
Evaluate the alternatives
Fill in the blank: The fourth step in the Rational Decision-Making Model is _________?
Develop the alternatives
Identify the problem
Select the best alternative
Implement the solution
Fill in the blank: The fifth step in the Rational Decision-Making Model is _________.
Evaluate the alternatives
Identify the problem
Implement the decision
Monitor the results
Fill in the blank: The sixth step in the Rational Decision-Making Model is _________.
Select the best alternative
Identify the problem
Implement the decision
Evaluate the decision
What does the term 'rational' mean in the context of decision making?
Making decisions based on emotions
Making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints
Making decisions without considering outcomes
Making decisions randomly
Fill in the blank: A ________ is a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave to maximize some outcome.
rational decision-making model
intuitive decision-making model
random decision-making model
emotional decision-making model
Fill in the blank: ________ is a simplified process of making decisions by perceiving and interpreting the essential features of problems without capturing their complexity.
Bounded rationality
Heuristics
Intuition
Overconfidence
Fill in the blank: An ________ is a problem that may change entirely or become irrelevant before we finish the process of organizing our thoughts, gathering information, and making judgments or decisions.
intractable problem
solvable problem
simple problem
static problem
What is intuitive decision making?
A) A conscious process created from logical analysis
B) An unconscious process created out of distilled experience
C) A process based on group consensus
D) A process that ignores emotions
Fill in the blank: Overconfidence bias is a tendency to be __________ about our own abilities or the abilities of others.
overconfident
uncertain
indifferent
pessimistic
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of intuitive decision making? Choose the correct option.
A) Relies on holistic associations
B) Is fast and emotionally charged
C) Is always rational and analytical
D) Occurs outside conscious thought
Overconfidence bias can lead hiring managers to overestimate how well they evaluate candidates after an informal interview.
True
False
Fill in the blank: To minimize effort and avoid trade-offs, people tend to rely on __________, impulses, gut feelings, and convenient rules of thumb.
experience
logic
planning
analysis
What is the importance of focusing on goals in decision making according to the section 'Reducing Biases and Errors'?
Focusing on goals helps you be rational, identify relevant information, make clear choices, and avoid regret by aligning decisions with your interests.
Focusing on goals makes decision making more emotional and less structured.
Focusing on goals encourages ignoring relevant information and acting impulsively.
Focusing on goals leads to more frequent biases and errors in decision making.
Which strategy is recommended to counteract overconfidence and confirmation bias?
Focus on Goals
Look for Information That Disconfirms Your Beliefs
Do Not Try to Create Meaning out of Random Events
Increase Your Options
Fill in the blank: The educated mind has been trained to look for ________ relationships, but it is important not to create meaning out of coincidence.
cause-and-effect
random
emotional
temporary
Increasing your options in decision making always guarantees a better final choice.
True
False
What is overconfidence bias?
Overconfidence bias is the tendency to overestimate one's own abilities, knowledge, or skill in processing information, often leading to optimistic decisions and underestimating risks.
Overconfidence bias is the tendency to underestimate one's own abilities and avoid making decisions.
Overconfidence bias is the tendency to rely solely on external advice and ignore personal judgment.
Overconfidence bias is the tendency to always make pessimistic decisions regardless of available information.
Anchoring bias is a tendency to:
Seek out new information
Fixate on initial information and fail to adjust adequately to subsequent information
Overestimate one's own abilities
Avoid making decisions
What is confirmation bias? Fill in the blank: Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out information that ______ past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments.
reaffirms
ignores
complicates
contradicts
What is availability bias? Fill in the blank: Availability bias is the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is ______ to them.
readily available
difficult to find
irrelevant
outdated
Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias? Choose the correct option.
Seeking out information that supports your existing beliefs
Considering all available evidence equally
Ignoring information that supports your past choices
Making decisions based on recent events
What is the definition of 'escalation of commitment'?
The tendency to believe that we can predict the outcome of random events.
An increased commitment to a previous decision despite negative information.
The tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome.
The tendency to automatically escalate commitment.
Fill in the blank: ________ is the tendency to believe that we can predict the outcome of random events.
Randomness error
Confirmation bias
Anchoring bias
Overconfidence bias
Which term describes the tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome, even if the riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff?
Escalation of commitment
Randomness error
Risk aversion
Sunk cost effect
What is hindsight bias?
The tendency to judge the quality of a decision based on the desirability or believability of its outcome.
The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome.
The tendency to take risks when seeking positive outcomes.
The tendency to avoid negative outcomes.
Hindsight bias is the tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is known, that one would have ______ predicted that outcome.
accurately
randomly
rarely
never
What is outcome bias?
The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome.
The tendency to judge the quality of a decision based on the desirability or believability of its outcome.
The tendency to take risks when seeking positive outcomes.
The tendency to avoid negative outcomes.
Outcome bias is the tendency to judge the quality of a decision based on the ______ or believability of its outcome.
desirability
randomness
complexity
timing
According to the text, what plays a significant role in our decision-making processes?
Organizational constraints
Individual differences
Both A and B
None of the above
Fill in the blank: Many factors, such as _______ and organizational constraints, influence the way people make decisions and the degree to which they are susceptible to errors and biases.
individual differences
weather conditions
market prices
technological advances
Which personality trait is linked to riskier behavior among CEOs, according to the text?
Conscientiousness
Narcissism
Achievement-striving
Openness to experience
The gender similarities hypothesis suggests that there are substantial differences between men and women in decision making.
True
False
Fill in the blank: Employees who are less close-minded are more receptive to _______ information.
contradictory
irrelevant
outdated
biased
According to research during the COVID-19 pandemic, which gender was more likely to engage in preventive health practices such as social distancing, handwashing, and mask-wearing?
Men
Women
Both equally
Neither
Fill in the blank: Studies found that men tend, to a moderate degree, to make employment decisions that are _______-biased for positions that are stereotypically masculine.
gender-role
age
education
experience
People with higher levels of general mental ability (GMA) can process information more quickly, solve problems more accurately, and learn faster.
True
False
What is cognitive flexibility?
The ability to solve math problems
The ability to select the appropriate decision-making strategy to match the problem
The ability to remember facts
The ability to work in teams
Research found that Turkish employees expect senior managers to make decisions, but they like their opinion to be asked.
True
False
Fill in the blank: In Japan, team decision-making tends to emphasize _______.
consensus-orientation
individualism
authoritarianism
competition
