List and briefly describe the three main stages of the crystallization process.

(a)  

Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation with examples.

(a)  

What are the three zones in the Ostwald–Miers diagram? Describe the condition in each.

(a)  

Explain why controlling supersaturation is critical in industrial crystallization.

(a)  

Describe how impurities and solvent type affect crystal habit.

(a)  

Explain why NaCl is better crystallized by evaporation, while KNO3 is better by cooling.

(a)  

Write two common equations used for mass and heat balances in crystallization.

(a)  

Compare batch and continuous crystallizers in terms of operation and application.

(a)  

Describe the working principle of the Swenson–Walker crystallizer.

(a)