The normal total blood volume of a normal full-term neonate is

Which one of the following statements LEAST accurately describes CSF production?

A 5-month old infant presents with an abnormally shaped head. The parents note he is developing normally and had an uncomplicated delivery. On examination, he has scaphocephaly (boat-shaped head). Which of the following is associated with the development of secondary sagittal craniosynostosis?

You are caring for a 3-year-old boy who has been admitted to the pediatric ICU after nonaccidental trauma by the father that has caused severe TBI. He has elevated ICP and a poor clinical exam. The pediatric team asks you about the administration of steroids in an attempt to improve his cerebral edema. What effect do steroids have on severe pediatric TBI?

Which of the following is LEAST suggestive of child abuse?

You are evaluating a patient in the trauma bay who was not wearing her seatbelt and was thrown from a vehicle during a high-velocity motor vehicle accident. She is comatose with anisocoria, left greater than right. This CT scan was obtained approximately 75 minutes after the accident. The risk of dangerous expansion of this hematoma is greatest at what time after injury?

A 19-year-old male presents to the ER after being involved in a motorcycle accident. He complains of neck pain. decreased sensation and numbness and tingling in the fingers, as well as burning in the hands. On examination, he has grade 4 motor strength in the upper extremities proximally and grade 2 distally. The lower extremities and cranial nerves are intact. What syndrome does this patient have?

Pineal calcifications are considered abnormal if encountered in patients younger than

Pineal tumors usually displace the precentral cerebellar vein

In cerebral salt wasting syndrome patients are usually

A 56-year-old presents with a 2-month history of headache and visual disturbance. Confrontation testing revealed a bitemporal hemianopia. Routine bloods were normal and endocrine profile is: FT4 8.5 pmol/L (11.5-22), TSH 0.5 mU/L (0.35-5.5), FSH 1.0 U/L (1.4-18.1), LH 2.5 U/L (3-8), prolactin 900 mU/L (45-375), testosterone 3.5 nmol/L (8.4-28.7), 9 am cortisol 405 nmol/L. MRI is shown. Which one of the following is most likely?

A 65-year-old man undergoes transsphenoidal surgery for a non-functioning macroadenoma. Postoperatively on day 1 the nurses notice he is passing large volumes of dilute urine via his catheter. Which one of the following criteria is LEAST suggestive of diabetes insipidus?

Contrast-enhanced axial T1-weighted MRI scans of a 56-year-old man are shown in this image. The most likely symptoms he might have are

Which one of the following is most likely based on the T2-Weighted MRI shown below?

If the C6 nerve root is severed, all of the following may be affected except:

Neurogenic shock is characterized by which of the following?

Typical presentation of patients with conus medullaris lesions includes all of the following except:

Which large anastomotic vein joins the superior sagittal sinus?

Male, 25 years old, had an traffic accident. He couldn’t open his eyes nor sound with pain stimulus, but he could extend his hand abnormally. Based on the GCS in this patient, where is the location of the lesion?

Which of the following is not a consideration in determining whether a substance will cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB)?

How much platelet count increase after transfusing one unit of platelets?

What type of temporal bone fractures more frequently result in external manifestations such as otorrhea of CSF and tympanic membrane  perforation?

Male, 75 years old, came to ER with sudden left hemiparesis. CT scan result showed infarction on the right hemisphere. What is another possibility sign or symptoms regarding this CT scan result?

What is the most likely clinical symptom in a patient with a large unruptured cavernous sinus carotid aneurysm?

Female, 51 yo, was performed craniotomy clipping aneurysm on right ICA terminus. She hadn’t regained her consciousness after procedure, then performed CT scan non contrast and showed infarct. What the possible artery is occluded based on the infarct territory?

A 33-year-old woman has the acute onset of right orbital pain after a tennis match. The following morning, her 10-year-old son comments that her right eye looks funny. On examination, she has a mild right ptosis and anisocoria. The right pupil is 2 mm smaller than the left, but both react normally to direct light stimulation. Visual acuity, visual fields, and eye movements are normal. The site of injury is due to interruption of fibers from which of the following structures?

After a severe motor vehicle accident, a 50-year-old man arrives at the emergency room unconscious and intubated. A computed tomography scan of his brain is shown here. After the assurance of proper respiratory and circulatory support, as well as spine imaging, which of the following is the next most appropriate evaluation?

Apa nama struktur anatomi yang berjalan pada bagian yang ditunjuk, yang harus dihindari pada prosedur laminectomy tulang tersebut?

Pada kasus trigeminal neuralgia, kontak dengan pembuluh darah apakah dan dari arah manakah yang paling sering terjadi terhadap saraf trigeminus?

Hemiballismus merupakan gangguan gerakan yang disebabkan karena kerusakan pada struktur mana?

Apa nama kelainan yang ditimbulkan akibat cedera struktur yang disilang?

Pada prosedur corpus callosotomy, sindrom apakah yang dapat terjadi pada pasien sebagai efek samping operasi?

Pada kasus hypothalamic hamartoma, kejang tipe apakah yang merupakan karakteristik utamanya?

Manakah yang termasuk ke dalam axial pain?

Pemeriksaan apakah yang dapat mendukung diagnosis carpal tunnel syndrome?

You are evaluating an 82-year-old man with a history of a mechanical aortic valve. He presented to the emergency department with a headache and sleepiness. His GCS is 13 (E3, V4, M6). What is the next best step?

You see a 40-year-old man who was out drinking with friends and was involved in a car accident as an unrestrained passenger. He is sleepy in the trauma bay and his head CT is demonstrated below. The injured vessel in this setting enters the skull through what foramen?

What is the normal range of intracranial pressure in adults (mm Hg)?

Which of these options is not a part of Cushing’s triad (signs of acute increased intracranial pressure)?

Primary input to Brodmann areas 41 and 42 come from which region?

Descending laterally across the posterior skull, which suture marks the border between the occipital and parietal bones?

Which structure is not part of the deep cerebellar nuclei?

You are evaluating a patient with double vision. When you are testing external ocular movements, the right eye fails to adduct when you attempt to make the patient track your finger to the patient’s left. What structure is likely damaged?

An 18-year-old male is brought into the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. On examination, he will open his eyes to painful stimulation, makes incomprehensible sounds, and withdraws his extremities to painful stimulation. What is the patient’s Glasgow Coma Scale score?

Through which of the following does the maxillary nerve exit the skull base?

A 42-year-old man develops vertical diplopia, which seems worst when watching television from bed. On examination, he has right hypertropia, which is exacerbated with downward gaze of an adducted right eye. If he tilts his head to the left, the vision improves. Which of the following is the affected cranial nerve?

In this spinal cord cross-sectional image, what letter corresponds to the location of the spinothalamic tract?

A patient presents with a suspected C7 radiculopathy. Which muscles would be expected to show abnormalities on electromyography?

How does hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen change as blood passes through a capillary, and what shift occurs with the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A 65-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is admitted for a lobar intracranial hemorrhage. The patient is intu- bated and sedated. He suddenly develops pulseless electrical activity. Auscultation of the lungs reveals absent breath sounds on the right. The trachea is deviated to the left. What is the best next step in the patient’s management?

The nucleus pulposus is the remnant of what embryonic structure?

What is the brain’s response to a rising PCO2 with regard to cerebral blood flow (CBF) and intracranial pressure (ICP)?

A patient presents with complaints of a herniated disk that correlates with imaging. MRI demonstrates a central disk herniation at L4/L5. What nerve root should be affected?

The ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus sends information to which Brodmann area(s)?

A man with chronic alcoholism is recovering after an alcohol-induced traumatic cerebral contusion. He is neurologically intact awaiting discharge after eating several full meals when he suddenly develops ­quadriplegia, ­confusion, ­difficulty­ speaking, and­ trouble swallowing. Serum sodium is 139 mEq/L. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A woman, 61 years old, came to emergency department with weakness on her right extremities started 3 hours ago. Another physical examination show that she had a good comprehension, non-fluent speech, good repetition in language area. What is the name of the language condition above?

Which one of the following tracts is most

likely depicted in the figure beside?

What is a characteristic of the lesion depicted in this CT image?

The following is a consideration in determining whether a substance will cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), except…

Which of the following most closely approximates the volume of circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in an adult?

Through which of the following does the meningeal branch of mandibular nerve (Third branch of the trigeminal nerve) exit the skull base?

An 18-year-old male is brought into the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. On examination, he will open his eyes to sound, makes incomprehensible sounds, and localising the painful stimulation. What is the patient’s Glasgow Coma Scale score?

Intrauterine central nervous system development is divided into embryonic and fetal period. At 13 day of embryonic period, what is CNS development occurred?

The second-order neuron in the sympathetic pathway to the pupil arises from the…

A 60-year-old man notes increasingly severe pain on the left side of his midface for about 3 days, followed by the eruption of a vesicular lesion on the side of his nose. He was later diagnosed with Herpes Zoster. Which of the following may he be at increased risk of experiencing?

Number 2 in this image represents what structure?

What is the brain’s response to a rising PCO2 (>35 mmHg) with regard to cerebral

How do cytotoxic and vasogenic edema differ?

A 73 year old diabetic man presents with 3 months of headache after falling and confusion for the last 3 days. Which of the following is associated with the diagnosis shown in the image?

A 42-year-old woman is being evaluated for gait difficulties. She also has dysdiadochokinesia and intentional tremor. This finding is most common with which of the following?

The patellar tendon reflex involves sensory fibers of the femoral nerve that originate in spinal segments

What is the part of internal capsule which corticobulbar tract pass through?

The following is seen with a lesion of the facial nerve immediately distal to the geniculate ganglion, except

The medial lenticulostriate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner) is a branch of which of the following?

What is the normal pressure of cerebrospinal fluid in an adult (in cm H2O)?

Ice water is irrigated into a patient’s external ear canal as a part of brainstem reflex examination. Which of the following would be the expected response in a normal patient?

Which one of the following best describes ions responsible for membrane hyperpolarization?

What clinical finding best characterizes cauda equina syndrome?

A patient with a severe traumatic brain injury has elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) despite sedation and administration of paralytics. An external ventricular drain is in place and is functioning. His ICP is now 28, serum osmolarity is 290. The following is an appropriate step for controlling increased ICP, except

What is the name of radiological sign we can see in this lesion?

The following is a picture of a newborn. This disorder is caused by failure of

The normal total blood volume of a normal full-term neonate is

Which of the following is associated with the development of secondary sagittal craniosynostosis?

What effect do steroids have on severe TBI presenting with the above radiological examination (severe cerebral edema)?

Which of the following is LEAST suggestive of child abuse?

A 19-year-old male presents to the ER after being involved in a motorcycle accident. He experienced pain and temperature dissociation. On examination, he has stronger motor strength in the proximal upper extremities than the distal. The lower extremities and cranial nerves are intact. What syndrome does this patient have?

Pineal calcifications are considered abnormal if encountered in patients younger than

In cerebral salt wasting syndrome patients are usually

Contrast-enhanced axial T1-weighted MRI scans of a 56-year-old man are shown in this image. The most likely symptoms he might have are

Contrast-enhanced axial T1-weighted MRI scans of a 56-year-old man are shown in this image. The most likely symptoms he might have are

What lesion is depicted on the T2-Weighted MRI shown below?

If the C6 nerve root is severed, all of the following may be affected except:

Neurogenic shock is characterized by which of the following?

Typical presentation of patients with conus medullaris lesions includes all of the following except

Male, 25 years old, had an traffic accident. He couldn’t open his eyes nor sound with pain stimulus, but he could extend his hand abnormally. Based on the GCS (E1V1M2) in this patient, where is the location of the lesion?

Male, 75 years old, came to the emergency room with sudden left hemiparesis. CT scan result showed infarction on the right hemisphere. What is another possibility sign or symptoms regarding this CT scan result?

After a severe motor vehicle accident, a 50-year-old man was unconscious, intubated, with airway, breathing and circulation were clear. Which of the following is the next most appropriate evaluation?

Which of the following belongs to axial pain?

Which of the following physical examination supports the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome?

An 82-year-old man with a history of a mechanical aortic valve, presented with headache and sleepiness. GCS was E3, V4, M6. What is the next best step?

The injured vessel in the head CT Scan demonstrated below enters the skull through:

Which of these options is not a part of Cushing’s triad (signs of acute increased intracranial pressure)?

In this spinal cord cross-sectional image, what letter corresponds to the location of the lateral spinothalamic tract?

The nucleus pulposus is the remnant of what embryonic structure?

A 61 years old woman with a good language comprehension, non-fluent speech, and good repetition. What is the name of the language condition above?

Which of the following receptors is involved in autonomic preganglionic transmission for both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

Which of the following is an example of declarative memory?

You use a 2-0 coated vicryl suture to close the galea during closure of a craniotomy. Which one of the following statements is correct?

Pain and temperature fibers from the face are relayed to what nucleus?

How does hemoglobins affinity for oxygen change as blood passes through a capillary, and what shift occurs with the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A trial of a new antibiotic for meningitis finds that it reduces the mortality rate from 35% to 20%. What is the relative risk?

A 38-year-old man notes that his shoe size has increased from 40 to 43 over the last year, his wedding band no longer fits his finger, and he has a new gap in his lower teeth. After appropriate blood work is performed, which of the following is the most rational test result to find in his blood?

Which one of the following statements regarding peripheral nerve injury is most accurate?

Which one of the following combinations of clotting factors are affected by warfarin?

What is the average head circumference for a newborn and an adult?

Failure of the posterior portions of vertebral elements to fuse without protrusion of meninges or neural elements is called what?

Regarding cerebral autoregulation in adults, which one of the following statements is LEAST accurate?

A70 kg man has lost 1.7 L of blood from a stab wound. Which one of the following is the LEAST likely to be showing?

A 61-year-old male with a glioblastoma multiforme came with confusion and left hemiparesis. The doctor explained to the family that he will need a surgery. As you take the family back to his bedside, they ask you not to tell the patient about the likely diagnosis. Which one of the following principles would be most compromised by operating on him at this point in time?

What is the laboratory manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

Which of the following exam findings best distinguishes an upper motor lesion of the facial nerve pathway from a lower motor lesion of the facial nerve?

What incomplete spinal cord injury syndrome is associated with a poor prognosis for recovery and dissociated sensory loss?

What involuntary movement disorder typically persists during sleep?

What type of hematoma occurs in the loose connec- tive tissues of the scalp that may cross sutures, may require blood transfusions, and does not calcify?

A 43-year-old patient presents with a large, enhancing mass with a necrotic center with mass effect and significant vasogenic edema. Following resection, histology demonstrated neovasculariza- tion with endothelial proliferation and pseudopal- isading around areas of necrosis. Histopathology was significant for a TP53 mutation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

What vitamin should be coadministered with iso- niazid to prevent neuropathy?

A 35-year-old patient admitted to the neurology ICU following polytrauma becomes hypotensive. What hemodynamic parameters are compatible with hypovolemic shock?

What inhalational neuroanesthetic does not reduce cerebral metabolism?

A 2-month-old baby has a slowly growing midline mass over the anterior fontanelle, as shown in the MRI in this image. The most likely diagnosis is: