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WorksheetsFMS1 QUIZ 2 (WEEK 5–7) – Worksheet Questions
Total questions: 122
Worksheet time: 1hrs 1mins
Which of the following is not correct concerning the function of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)?
HbA has higher affinity to 2,3-BPG compared to O
2,3-BPG compensates low O pressure at high altitude
2,3-BPG persuades hemoglobin to release O in periphery tissue
HbF has lower affinity to 2,3-BPG, supporting a better O exchange between mother and fetus
2,3-BPG compensates high O pressure at low altitude
Under aerobic condition pyruvate is converted by pyruvate dehydrogenase to
Phosphoenol pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
Lactate
Oxaloacetate
Fructose intolerance is a disease caused by deficiency of
Phosphofructokinase
Aldolase B
Galactokinase
Galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase
Fructokinase
Why hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) can lead to hypoglycemia?
Glycogenolysis is inhibited due to unavailability of inorganic phosphates
Glycogenesis is stimulated, more glucose is stored as glycogen
Gluconeogenesis is blocked
Glucose uptake from blood into the cells is increased
All glucose molecules are converted into fructose
Patients of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome do not have HGPRT enzyme. Which nucleotide metabolism is affected in this syndrome?
Both salvage and de novo pathway of pyrimidine
Salvage pathway of purine
De novo pathway of purine
Salvage pathway of pyrimidine
De novo pathway of pyrimidine
How is gluconeogenesis regulated?
When energy status of cell is low, glycolysis should be off
When energy status is high, glucose should be rapidly degraded to provide energy
Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are totally reversible pathways, regulation is not needed
When energy status is low, gluconeogenesis should be on
When energy status of cell is high, glycolysis should be off
During hyperammonemia the concentration of glutamine as product of ammonia detoxication is characteristically increased. This life threatening condition in infants usually is due to
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Maple Syrup Disease
Phenylketonuria
Urea cycle disorder
TCA cycle disorder
As a cancer drug 5 Fluorouracil (5-FU) kills cancer cells, because
5-FU inhibits the synthesis of IMP
5-FU inhibits the synthesis of UMP
5-FU inhibits the synthesis of thymidine by thymidylate synthase
5-FU inhibits ribonucleotide reductase
5-FU inhibits the salvage pathway of pyrimidine
Most multi-cellular organisms obtain energy for the synthesis of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation from
High energy phosphate compounds
A proton gradient across the cell membrane
A proton gradient across the outer mitochondrial membrane
A proton gradient across the endoplasmatic reticulum membrane
A proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Which of the following is correct sequence of processes in cellular respiration?
TCA/Krebs cycle – electron transport – glycolysis
Glycolysis – electron transport – Krebs cycle
Glycolysis – TCA/Krebs cycle – electron transport
TCA/Krebs cycle – glycolysis – electron transport
Electron transport – glycolysis – TCA/Krebs cycle
What are the differences between fatty acid biosynthesis and breakdown?
β-oxidation is in mitochondria, fatty acid biosynthesis is in cytosol
FA-breakdown uses NADH/NAD+; biosynthesis uses NADPH/NADP+
β-oxidation removes two C atom at the time; biosynthesis adds two C atom at the time
All of these
None of these
Amino acids that can be used in the gluconeogenesis to produce glucose after removal of their NH2-group are called
Ketogenic
Ketoneogenic
Glucogenic
Gluconeogenic
Glycolytic
Which compound cannot serve as the starting material for the synthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis?
Acetate
Oxaloacetate
Lactate
Pyruvate
Glycerol
Concerning ATP production in red blood cell (RBC), which of the following is correct
ATPs in the RBC are supplied via anaerobic glycolysis
ATPs in the RBC are produced at the end of electron transport chain
ATP production in RBC depends on intact mitochondria inner membranes
ATPs in the RBC are produced via oxidative phosphorylation
ATP production in RBC uses proton motive force
Glucagon and epinephrine
Stimulate glycogenolysis and glycolysis
Inhibit glycogenolysis and glycolysis
Stimulate glycogenolysis and inhibit glycolysis
Inhibit glycogenolysis and stimulate glycolysis
Do not have any effects of both glycogenolysis and glycolysis
Pyruvate is initially converted to which of the following in the gluconeogenesis?
Glycerol
Oxaloacetate
Acetyl CoA
Malate
Phosphoenol pyruvate
The key enzyme in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis is
Pyruvate carboxylase
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
AMP activated protein kinase
None of these
Liver phosphorylase
Which one of the following is not a function of pentose phosphate pathways?
Provides NADPH for biosynthesis fatty acid synthesis
Provides NADPH to maintain reduced state of cells
Helps to protect RBC from oxidative agents (free radicals, ROS, etc.)
Produces ribose-5-P for nucleic acid biosynthesis
Provides intermediates for TCA/Krebs cycle
A researcher discovered a very effective aldose reductase inhibitor. In an experiment with a rodent diabetic model, he found out that the inhibitor can reduce cataract formation in the lens of diabetic animals. How can you explain this?
The inhibitor inhibits sorbitol accumulation in the lens, hence no cataract is formed
Sorbitol accumulated in the lens now can be converted into fructose
No relevant explanations
The inhibitor increases the affinity of the enzyme towards glucose
The inhibitor increases the flow and efficiency of the polyol-pathway
Which effect of insulin is correct?
Stimulates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis
Stimulates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis
Inhibits both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
Has no effect on carbohydrate metabolism
Diabetes can lead to a condition in which the body switches to burning fatty acids and producing high levels of acetone, acetoacetate and β‑hydroxybutyrate. The accumulation of these acidic substances results in symptoms such as vomiting, dehydration, deep gasping breathing, confusion and occasionally coma. This condition is called __________
Diabetic Acidoketosis
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
None of above
Lactic acidosis
Diabetic acetoacidosis
Some of the acetyl‑CoA produced by fatty acid oxidation in the liver mitochondria is converted to acetone, acetoacetate and β‑hydroxybutyrate. These molecules are fuel sources for the brain, heart and muscle during starvation. These metabolites are called __________
Gluconolacton bodies
Aceton bodies
Acidic bodies
Anti‑bodies
Ketone bodies
How many ATPs are formed during complete oxidation of palmitate?
96
35
131
38
129
What do coenzyme A, CO2 , oxaloacetate, and FADH2 all have in common?
They are part of the reactions of lactic acid fermentation
They are part of the pentose phosphate pathway
They are all elements of oxidative deamination and transamination
They are all components or products of the TCA cycle
They are all elements of oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)
Most of the enzymes of the TCA/Krebs cycle in a eukaryotic cell are located in the
Intermembrane space
Mitochondrial matrix
Nucleus
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Cytosol
Metastasis is the movement or spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body, organ or tissue to another. Cancer cells usually spread through the bloodstream or the lymph system. Which one of the following is the correct order of metastasis?
Intravasation, Extravasation, Transport, Colonization, Invasion
Invasion, Intravasation, Extravasation, Transport, Colonization
Invasion, Intravasation, Transport, Extravasation, Colonization
Intravasation, Extravasation, Transport, Invasion, Colonization
Intravasation, Extravasation, Invasion, Transport, Colonization
Which one of the following statements best describes the role of BRCA1 in breast carcinogenesis?
Creates the Angelina Effect
Excess of Estrogen Receptor
Induces Angiogenesis
Loss of Genomic stability if mutated
Single Strand Break Repair
The three steps of carcinogenesis are initiation, promotion and progression. The following statement is correct, except:
The effects of initiators are irreversible
Initiators are able to cause changes in DNA
Promoters promote cell proliferation
Progression describes transformation of benign to malignant tumor
The effects of promoters are irreversible
Which of the following is an example of paracrine signaling?
Adrenaline increases blood pressure and heart rate
Acetylcholine as excitatory neurotransmitter in muscle
Binding of Fas ligand to Fas protein on viral infected cell will induce apoptosis
Thyroid hormone stimulates various cell metabolism
Rise of Na influx induces K outflux after reaching threshold
What is the malfunction in Myasthenia Gravis?
Failure in acetylcholine exocytosis
Blocked acetylcholine receptor
Failure in production of acetylcholine vesicles
Dysregulation of Ca channel
Blockade of Na channel in axon
Cytokine receptor is usually associated with …
Janus Kinase
Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase
cAMP
Inositol phospholipid
Grb protein
Sodium–potassium pump passes
K and Na in the same direction
3 Na+ in and 2 K+ out
2 Na+ in and 3 K+ out
2 Na+ out and 3 K+ in
3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in
The following DNA repair system is active in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, except:
Non‑Homologous End Joining
Nucleotide Excision Repair
Mismatch Repair
All DNA repair mechanisms are active in G1 Phase
Base Excision Repair
Deamination of cytosine results in the formation of __________, which is corrected by __________
Adenine, Nucleotide Excision Repair
Uracil, Base Excision Repair
Uracil, Nucleotide Excision Repair
Thymine, Base Excision Repair
Thymine, Nucleotide Excision Repair
Following is the predisposition of type II diabetes mellitus, except:
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Congenital destruction of β cell pancreas
Pregnancy
None of the above
Proto‑oncogene may become oncogene by the following mechanisms
Mutation
Over‑expression
Chromosomal translocation forming new protein fusion
A and B
A, B and C
Which of the following is not a possible malfunction in diabetes mellitus type 2?
Suppression in GLUT4 mRNA transcription
Insulin resistance in tissue
Reduce of insulin release from pancreatic β ‑cell
Suppression of IRS‑1 protein expression
Failure of glycogen synthase activation
This molecule is known to cause cancer by forming a DNA adduct with guanine:
Alcohol
Cytosine
Aflatoxin B1
Methyl
Uracil
Which is not a plasma membrane property?
Consist of lipid bilayer
Impermeable to small polar uncharged molecule
Mosaic and fluid
Boundary of living cell with its surrounding
Amphipathic
What is the reason for salty sweat of CF patients?
CF patients’ sweat glands are blocked by sticky mucus
CF patients’ sweat glands produce less water
CF patients’ secretory coil excretes hypertonic sweat
CF patients’ skin surface constantly discharges salt through skin pores
CF patients’ reabsorptive ducts absorbs less NaCl
Extracellular signal molecules which are produced by cells to signal their neighboring cells or to cells further away is …
Enzyme
First messenger
Adapter protein
Transducer
Second messenger
In order to sustain the uncontrolled growth rate, cancer cells have adopted a different mechanism to gain energy. Which statement best describes the reprogramming of cell metabolism in cancer cell?
Cancer cells rely on glycolysis to produce energy
In cancer cells, glucose transporters (GLUT) are overexpressed
Under aerobic conditions cancer cells metabolize glucose to lactate
A and B
A, B and C
Pancreas takes up glucose from blood through …
GLUT 1
GLUT 2
GLUT 5
GLUT 4
GLUT 3
Which of the following is the correct response of liver cell to glucagon?
Increase of IRS‑1 phosphorylation
Inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase
Activation of G‑protein
Activation of PKC
Activation of glycogen synthase
Tumor suppressor gene (TSG) is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. The following statement is true for TSG, except
P53’s function is to promote apoptosis
Two hit mutation in normal cell can lead to sporadic cancer
Recessive loss of function mutation
Example is cyclin kinase inhibitor
First hit mutation in normal cell can lead to familial cancer
Hypermethylation of BRCA1 is often observed in ovarian cancer. Which of the following statements about DNA methylation is not true?
DNA methylation plays a role in regulating gene expression
DNA methylation is equally distributed over the genome
DNA methylation is reversible
DNA methylation is implicated in numerous diseases, not only cancer
Methyl group for DNA methylation is found in dietary sources
The deregulation of caspase expression and activation contributes to cancer and resistance to cancer therapies. Which of the following hallmarks of cancer best describes this feature?
Sustained angiogenesis
Self‑sufficiency in growth signal
Evading apoptosis
Reprogramming metabolism
Limitless replicative potential
Which of the following statement is correct about protein kinase?
It phosphorylates signaling protein and activates it
A kind of transport protein
It breaks phosphate group
It is a part of GPCR subunit
Cell recognition protein
The movement of cells out of a blood vessel into tissue during inflammation or metastasis is called:
Colonization
Extravasation
Translocation
Transportation
Intravasation
Depolarization in nerve signaling
The charge of cell shifts from negative to positive
Triggered by K+ influx
Inside of the cell more negative relative to the outside
Has an inhibitory effect at synapse
Triggered by Na+ outflux
A tumor is any abnormal proliferation of cells, which may be either benign or malignant. How do the cells of benign and malignant tumors differ?
Malignant cells are not encapsulated; benign cells are encapsulated
Benign cells have metastasis potential; malignant cells have apoptosis potential
Benign cells grow fast and are small; malignant cells grow slow but large
Benign cells growth into adjacent tissue; malignant cells displace adjacent tissue
Malignant cells have well defined border; benign cells' border are less defined
Which of the following statement is true?
Osmosis results equal solute concentration
Facilitated diffusion is energetically favorable
Animal cell will shrivel if placed in hypotonic solution
a and b
a, b and c
Which of the following is not the common type of membrane phospholipid?
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylcholine
Sterol
GTP binding protein
Galactocerebroside
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are proteins involved in ____________, which corrects __________
Base Excision Repair, Single Strand Break
Nucleotide Excision Repair, Double Strand Break
Mismatch Repair, Single Strand Break
Homologous Recombination Repair, Double Strand Break
Non Homologous End Joining Repair System, Double Strand Break
Nucleotide Excision Repair is activated when the following condition occurs
Double strand DNA damage
Damage of single nucleotide
DNA insertion mutation
Mismatch of nucleotide
Helix-distorting DNA lesions
Intracellular signaling protein which increases the signal by producing large amount of intracellular mediators or activating downstream intracellular proteins, called as
Adapter protein
Amplifier protein
Scaffold protein
Second messenger
Latent gene regulatory protein
The following epigenetic modification results in the conversion of open chromatin to condensed chromatin:
DNA Methylation
Histone deacetylation
Histone methylation
A and B
A, B and C
Several viruses are known to cause cancer in human. How does virus infection contribute to carcinogenesis?
Infection induced inflammatory microenvironment
Integration of the viral genome into the cell genome
By producing immunosuppression
A and B
A, B and C
Which is TRUE about membrane protein?
Integral protein is also called as peripheral protein
Transmembrane protein spans the plasma membrane
Transmembrane protein is hydrophobic
Membrane protein cannot move laterally across membrane
All of the above
Which of the following best describes Angiogenesis?
Movement of cancer cells from one part of the body to another to spread the tumor to a new location.
Movement of cancer cells through the body inducing the production of more red blood cells.
Growth of blood vessels that allows tumor cells to pass certain checkpoints in the cell cycle.
Growth of blood vessels to bring in more immune cells to the tumor.
Growth of blood vessels that provides the tumor with nutrients and oxygen.
Which type of chloride channel protein is defective in Cystic Fibrosis?
Calcium ion sensitive chloride channels
Cation-chloride cotransporters
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
CLC chloride channels and transporters
None of the above
An example of inhibitory neurotransmitter is ..
Acetylcholine
GABA
Noradrenaline
Glutamate
Histamine
A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells that serves no purpose. There are two main classifications of tumors. One is known as benign and the other as malignant. Which of the following is characteristic of a malignant rather than a benign tumor?
Grows without needing a growth signal
Undergoes metastasis
Develops a blood supply
Cells divide an unlimited number of times
Insensitive to anti-growth signal
What does cAMP stand for?
Calcium Activator and Messenger Phosphatase
Cyclic Adenosine Messenger Protein
Cyclic Amyloid Messenger Protein
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
Calcium Adapter Monoprotein
Which one of the following sequences best describe the steps leading to tumor angiogenesis? 1. Endothelial cell activation 2. Endothelial cell proliferation 3. HIF1-alpha activation 4. Sprouting 5. VEGF expression 6. Basement membrane degradation
5, 3, 1, 2, 6, 4
3, 1, 2, 5, 4, 6
5, 1, 3, 2, 4, 6
3, 5, 1, 6, 2, 4
5, 1, 6, 3, 4, 2
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder due to a mutation in the cystic fibrosis trans membrane protein (CFTR) which regulates chloride (Cl-) transport. CFTR is important in the regulations of cell activity in various organs. Which of the following is INCORRECT in term of CFTR and its function?
Reabsorb sodium chloride (NaCl) as the sweat passes along the tubule of sweat gland ducts and producing a hypertonic sweat
Coordinates the regulation of Na+ absorption by ENaC and Cl- secretion by CFTR maintains the correct depth and composition of the ASL in trachea
CFTR is located in apical membrane of pancreatic duct cells and plays a key role in ductal bicarbonate (HCO3-) secretion
CFTR is located in apical membrane of pancreatic duct cells and plays a key in maintaining the appropriate volume and pH of pancreatic secretions
CFTR protein is a channel protein that controls the flow of H2O and Cl- ions in and out of cells inside the lungs
Homeostasis of blood sugar is regulated by two main hormones that are secreted by pancreas, i.e. insulin and glucagon. Glucagon is activated during fasting where blood sugar is low. Glucagon acts as signal for liver to breakdown glycogen, through …
Inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase
Stimulate the movement of GLUT to the membrane
Inactivation of glycogen synthase
Activation of insulin signaling
Activation of IRS-1 protein
Which of following statement is CORRECT about passive transport?
Movement of substance against concentration gradient with energy cost
Movement of water from hypertonic solution to hypotonic solution without energy cost protein
Movement of substance down its electrochemical gradient with or without carrier protein
Na+/K+ pump
None of the above
Which of the following is CORRECT mechanisms of biochemical basis for signal transduction?
protein conformational changes
covalent protein modifications
altered rates of gene expression
None of above
All of above
The invasion of cancer cells through the basal membrane into a blood or lymphatic vessel, is also called:
Extravasation
Inflammation
Intravasation
Infiltration
Colonization
Which of the following best describes Oncogene?
An oncogene codes for DNA Glycosylase
An oncogene is a dominantly expressed mutated gene that gives a cell a growth advantage
An oncogene codes for cell cycle control protein
BRCA1 is an example of Oncogene
An oncogene codes for a protein that prevents the cell from undergoing apoptosis
Epigenetic mechanisms are essential for tissue-specific gene expression patterns in mammals. Cancer therapeutic strategies in Epigenetics may include inhibition of following enzymes, except:
Histone Demethylase
Histone Deacetylase
DNA Glycosylase
Histone Methyltransferase
DNA Methyltransferase
Modes of cell to cell signaling which two adjacent cells must make physical contact in order to communicate is …
Endocrine
Neuronal
Paracrine
Juxtacrine
Autocrine
Membrane protein that functions by binding the signal, or ligand that leads to the production of second signal that causes a cellular response is …
Extracellular matrix
Membrane receptor
Insulin
First messenger
Cadherin
Main types of membrane receptors are G-protein linked, enzyme-linked and ion-channel linked receptor. The INCORRECT characteristic of G-protein linked receptor is …
Example of G-protein linked receptor is epinephrine receptor
The binding of ligand to G-protein linked receptor activates dimerization of receptor
Receptor activation causes dissociation of α subunits from βγ subunits
Each is made of a single polypeptide chain that threads back and forth across the lipid bilayer seven times
Indirectly regulate activity of a separate plasma-membrane-bound target protein (could be enzyme or ion channel)
Stimulus to the neuron triggers the signaling across neuron that open/close the ion channel and results in action potential across the neuron. Action potential is an all-or-none electrical signal, which appears as a positive wave when recording internally. Which of the following is INCORRECT statement of action potential?
The repolarization is maintained by active Na+/K+ pump
Membrane resting potential is at -70 mV
Stimulus will open Na+ channel that results in the reduced membrane negativity
Initiated by opening of K+ channel
Initiated by depolarization of membrane potential
What DNA virus has been linked to a type of human cancer?
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Dengue Virus
Hepatitis B Virus
The second messenger that is resulted from the activation of receptor tyrosine kinase is …
G-protein
Calmodulin
Adenylyl cyclase
Diacylglycerol
CAM-kinase
Cancer in situ means it __________
dies quickly
spreads quickly
invades normal tissue
not infectious
is found in one place
The initiation of signal transduction is when the first signal binds to its receptor on target cell thus initiates the changes/activity in the cells. There are several types of signal molecules. Acetylcholine is a signal molecule that categorized as …
Contact-dependent signal molecules
Local mediators
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Cytokines
The killing/apoptosis of cell by lymphocytes through Fas binding to Fas ligand on viral infected cell, is an example of cell communication through …
Endocrine
Autocrine
Contact-dependent
Paracrine
Neuronal
Angiogenesis is an important mediator of tumor progression in which new blood vessels form from preexisting vessels. As tumors expand, diffusion distances from the existing vascular supply increase resulting in a condition called:
Hypoxia
Anoxia
Dyslexia
Normoxia
Hypoxemia
Chemical synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory. Which of the following is the CORRECT statement of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Open cation channels such as Na+
Causes depolarization
Example of inhibitory neurotransmitter is adrenaline
Open Cl− or K+ channels
All above are correct
Intracellular signaling protein that modifies the activity of signaling proteins, called as
Modulator protein
Latent gene regulatory protein
Messenger protein
Anchoring protein
Relay protein
Which error in DNA is most likely generated during DNA Replication?
Deamination
Alkylation
Depurination
Depyrimidination
Mismatch
The first hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. Which one of the following statements is not characteristic of cancer cells?
activate metastasis
sustain proliferative signaling
avoiding growth suppressors
sensitive to cell death
induce angiogenesis
The flux of substance transport in passive transport, depends on various factors. Which is the INCORRECT factor affecting diffusion rate?
Molecular size
Gravitational force
Steepness of concentration gradient
Transcription factors
Temperature
What is the correct order of steps in Carcinogenesis?
Promotion, Initiation, Progression
Promotion, Progression, Initiation
Initiation, Promotion, Progression
Initiation, Progression, Promotion
Progression, Promotion, Initiation
Cell’s plasma membrane is selective permeable by means it regulates the passage of some substances while preventing others from entering the cell. Following is the correct order or substances based by its permeability crossing the membrane from the highest to the lowest:
Ion – small nonpolar molecule - small uncharged polar molecule – large uncharged polar molecule
Small uncharged polar molecule – small nonpolar molecule – ion – large uncharged polar molecule
Small nonpolar molecule - small uncharged polar molecule — large uncharged polar molecule ion
Small uncharged polar molecule – small nonpolar molecule – large uncharged polar molecule ion
Ion - small uncharged polar molecule – small nonpolar molecule – large uncharged polar molecule
Two broad classes of genes — proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes — play a key role in cancer induction. Of the many known oncogenes, all but a few are derived from normal cellular genes (i.e., protooncogenes) whose products participate in cellular growth-controlling pathways. Proto-oncogenes can be transformed to oncogenes by all of the following mechanisms, EXCEPT:
Chromosomal rearrangements
Insertions that lead to a hyperactive gene product
Mutations in the promoter region that lead to increased transcription
Gene amplification
Elimination of their start signals for translation
Controls that link the integrity of the genome with progression through the cell cycle are known as:
receptors
transcription factors
deacetylators
checkpoints
growth factors
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) has been a powerful cancer imaging tool for many decades. Of the many hallmarks of cancer, which one is put to use when imaging cancer using PET:
Limitless replicative potential
Sustained angiogenesis
Self-sufficiency in growth signal
Evading apoptosis
Reprogramming metabolism
The followings best describe epigenetic related events that may contribute to the formation of cancer:
Hypermethylation of BRCA1
Overexpression of DNA methyl transferase
Overexpression of Histone Deacetylase
A and B
A, B and C
Cancer is often the result of activation of ____ to ____ and the inactivation of ____ genes.
oncogenes, proto-suppressor genes, proto-genes
oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes
proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes
oncogenes, proto-oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes
proto-suppressor genes, suppressors, oncogenes
Glucose transporter is a passive facilitated transport protein that takes up glucose from blood stream into the cells. The steps of glucose intake by cells through facilitated diffusion are: 1. Translocation of vesicles 2. Insulin binds to receptor 3. Release of large number of glucose transporter to membrane 4. Insulin dissociation 5. High blood sugar The correct order of glucose transport into the cells is:
2 – 1 – 3 – 4 – 5
5 – 2 – 3 – 1 – 4
1 – 2 – 3 – 5 – 4
2 – 3 – 1 – 4 – 5
5 – 2 – 1 – 3 – 4
The correct type of membrane protein that functions to help cells stick together to form tissue is ...
GTP binding protein
Adenylyl cyclase
MHC
Signal transduction protein
Cadherin
Phospholipids are the major structural component of membranes and consist of hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head. Which is not common type of phospholipid membrane?
Sterol
Phosphatidylserine
Phospholipase C
Phosphatidylcholine
Galactocerebroside
Type of membrane transport protein that can transport two different substances simultaneously into the cell, but acts as passive transport for a substance and active transport for the other substance, known as ...
Antiporter
ATP-binding cassette transporter
ATP-powered pump
Uniporter
Symporter
Which of the following is true of methyl groups’ effect in the epigenetic mechanism? They directly inhibit ________
Transcription
Protein translation
Ribosome assembly
Protein stability
Nuclear pore transport
Angiogenesis is a fundamental step in the transition of tumors from a benign state to a malignant one. Why do you think this process is important for tumor growth?
Supply of nutrients
Contribution to metastasis
Removal of waste products
A and B
A, B and C
Glycogenolysis is
Reaction series that converts glucose to pyruvate
The synthesis of glycogen from glucose
The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates
Substances that remove or add H atoms in oxidation and reduction reactions
The breakdown of glycogen into glucose
What is blocked in Myasthenia Gravis?
Acetylcholine receptor
Axons
Dendrites
Acetylcholine vesicles
Myelin sheath
When chemical carcinogens are internalized by cells, they are often metabolized, and the resulting metabolic products are retained by the cell. Inside the cell, carcinogens or their metabolic products can induce cellular change by genotoxic or non-genotoxic mechanisms. The followings are example of non-genotoxic effects, except:
Activation of Receptor proteins
Inflammation
Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species
Suppression of immune system
Formation of DNA adducts
Following are viruses that have been identified to exhibit cancer-causing properties in human, except:
Hepatitis C Virus
Adeno Virus
Hepatitis B Virus
Epstein Barr Virus
Human Papilloma Virus
With regard to DNA repair mechanisms in the cell, the following statements are correct, except:
Damage by Alkylation is corrected by Base excision repair mechanism
Homologous recombination repair is active in the G2 phase
Nucleotide excision repair is activated as a response of single strand DNA breaks
Mismatch repair is active in the G1 phase
Non-Homologous end joining may result in loss of nucleotides
Intravasation is a key step in cancer metastasis. Which of the following statements best describe Intravasation?
The movement of cells out of a blood vessel into tissue
Neoplastic cell proliferation in their normal habitat
The invasion of cancer cells through the basal membrane into a blood vessel
Loss of specialized function
Self- sufficiency in growth signal
Oncogenes have been implicated in the development of a number of human neoplasms. Oncogene activation is required to the process of carcinogenesis. Which of the following potential mechanisms are relevant to this process?
Chromosome translocation
Amplification
Gene deletion
A and B
A, B and C
Benign tumor displays following features, except:
Possible growth displacement
Similarity to original cell structure
Growth into adjacent cells
Slow growing
Well defined borders
Which molecule is formed in the urea cycle and at the same time also an intermediate of the TCA/Krebs cycle?
Malate
Aspartate
Fumarate
a-ketoglutarate
Oxaloacetate
Certain prostaglandins, when binding to their receptor, induce an increase in intracellular calcium levels. The signal that leads to the elevation of intracellular calcium is initiated by which of the following enzymes?
Phospholipase A2
Cyclooxygenase
Protein kinase A
Phospholipase C
Protein kinase
DNA Hypermethylation generally results in
Inactive DNA methyltransferase
Transcription factor docking
Gene silencing
Gene overexpression
None of the above
One of the cells responses against viral infection is by the secretion of antiviral cytokine. Cytokines may affect the cell itself and its surrounding. Cytokine receptor is usually associated with
Calmodulin
Grb protein
Janus Kinase
Inositol phospholipid
Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase
With regard to Epigenetic modification, the following may lead to the formation of cancer, except:
Hyperacetylation of Histone on proto-oncogenes
Hypermethylation of CpG island of Cyclin dependent Kinase
Hypomethylation of CpG island of DNA repair gene
Overexpression of Histone Deacetylases
Overexpression of DNA methyl transferase
In electron transport, electrons ultimately pass to
ADP
Cytochrome b
O2
H2O
None of these
Patients of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome do not have HGPRT enzyme. Which nucleotide metabolism is affected in this syndrome?
Salvage pathway of pyrimidine
De novo pathway of purine
Salvage pathway of purine
Both salvage and de novo pathways of pyrimidine
De novo pathway of pyrimidine
The tumor angiogenesis signaling cascade includes the following, except:
Activation of transcription factor in endothelial cell
Activation of relay proteins in epithelial cell
Breakdown of extracellular matrix
Release of VEGF from cancer cells
Binding of VEGF with its receptor
If a spontaneous deamination of Cytosine to Uracil in a DNA sequence is left unrepaired/ uncorrected; this may cause a change of Guanine to ______ ?
Thymine-dimer
Adenine
Thymine
Hypoxanthine
06-Methylguanine
Intracellular signaling protein that is activated at the cell surface by activated receptors and then migrate to the nucleus to stimulate gene transcription is ...
Relay protein
Amplifier protein
Latent gene regulatory protein
Adaptor protein
Scaffold protein
Active metabolic reprogramming is required to support sustained cancer cell proliferation and malignant progression, as observed by Otto Warburg in the 1930s. Which of the following statements best describe this cancer characteristics?
Glucose uptake is much greater in tumor cells than in normal cells
Hypoxia increases expression of certain Glucose transporter
Hexokinase activity is elevated in cancer cells
A and B
A, B and C
Prior to becoming invasive, Neoplasia goes through a dysplastic stage. Which of the following statements best describe Dysplasia?
Decrease in cell numbers
Increase in cell volume
Reversible when stimulus is withdrawn
Poorly regulated cell division
Increase in cytoplasma
Malignant Neoplasm display following characteristics, except:
Invasion
Spread to other locations through lymphatic system
Loss of specialized function
Defined tissue boundary
Uncontrolled growth
The depolarization in post-synapse neuron caused the opening of Na channel and further pass the electrical signal along next axon. The stimulus of Na channel opening post-synaptic neuron is ...
Neurotransmitter
Ca2+
Hyperpolarization of membrane
Concentration gradient of ion
