In 2012, Prof. Yamanaka from Kyoto University was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for the development of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPS cells. This discovery has been a promise for an unlimited source of pluripotent cells, although there are pros and cons. What is the disadvantage of iPS cells?

Each of us has enough DNA to reach from here to the sun and back, more than 300 times. Certain proteins compact chromosomal DNA into the microscopic space of the eukaryotic nucleus. What proteins are integral part of human chromosome?

Mrs. Wati (PBL Week 7) was just diagnosed with an aggressive form of breast cancer. The histopathology is interpreted as showing a poorly differentiated carcinoma with negative estrogen-receptor status and HER2-positive. The cancer started because

The heart functions as the motor of the circulatory system, which consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. A cell from heart muscle would have an unusually high proportion of these organelles:

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deciency is an inherited disorder that may cause lung disease and liver disease. Individuals with S allele of the gene have moderately low levels, and individuals with Z allele have very little alpha-1 antitrypsin protein in their serum. Individuals with SZ allele have an increased risk of developing lung diseases (such as emphysema), particularly if they smoke. This type of inheritance is also called:

A woman's body undergoes many transformations during the nine months of pregnancy. Some of these physical changes are visible, such as an expanding belly and weight gain, while others are well known, such as an enlarged uterus. The enlarged uterus of a pregnant woman is an example of which adaptive behavior?

Pentasomy 49, XXXXY incidence is around 1/85000 male births. Signs and symptoms of 49, XXXXY syndrome can vary but may include learning difficulties or intellectual disability; low muscle tone; infertility; delayed growth; distinctive facial features; and a variety of birth defects that may affect the heart, bones, brain and/or kidneys. A 49, XXXXY karyotype is thought to arise from

Which one of the following is not stem cell characteristics?

One of the cells responses against viral infection is by the secretion of antiviral cytokine. Cytokines may affect the cell itself and its surrounding. Cytokine receptor is usually associated with

Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery. In order for a gene therapy to work, it needs to be delivered to the affected tissue using:

A tumor is any abnormal proliferation of cells, which may be either benign or malignant. How do the cells of benign and malignant tumors differ? Select one:

What is the genotype of individual II-5

Blastocyst is the source of embryonic stem cell with consists of inner cell mass and trophoblast. Naturally, trophoblast will proliferate/differentiate into which the of cells?

Knowing what you know about phospholipid bilayers; if you wanted to build your own membrane protein, what would your amino acids need to have in order to stay in the membrane?

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is an inherited form of vision loss. This inheritance applies to genes contained in mitochondrial DNA. Which of the following pedigree best describes the inheritance of LHON?

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC) patients have genes with microsatellite instability, in which many gene regions contain abnormal, small loops of unpaired DNA. These DNA loops are the result of a mutation affecting which of the following:

Tommy, a 58-year-old man diagnosed with multiple myeloma based on laboratory results, will receive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant. Which of the following is not suitable as the source of hematopoietic stem cell for Tommy?

The ribosome is a highly complex cellular machine found within all living cells. Which of the following statements about ribosomes is true?

A mother of a malnourished child has been instructed to include a complete protein in the diet. Which of the following should be recommended?

The nuclear envelope (NE) is a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. Which of the following statements does not apply to the nuclear envelope?

Tommy, a 58-year-old man diagnosed with multiple myeloma, will receive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant. Which of the following is not true about HSC transplantation?

Cells die through either necrosis or apoptosis. Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death. Which of the following events is NOT a change experienced by a typical cell committed to apoptosis?

In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around …

The region of a gene located at -10 and -35 with respect to the start of transcription is termed:

Which type of chloride channel protein is defective in cystic fibrosis?

In analyzing the number of different bases in a DNA sample, which result would be consistent with the base pairing rules?

There are 3 types of protein transport. One of it requires ATP as the energy. What is it?

Daughter strands in a replication are always made of one strand of old DNA and one newly synthesized complementary strand. This nature of DNA replication is referred as:

UV radiation can cause DNA damage in form of thymine dimers formation. This DNA damage is usually repaired by the DNA repair mechanism of

Condition at which one or more nucleotides removed from the DNA strand is called …

B-thalassemia, common in southeast Asia, is due to a point mutation in b-globin. What mutation causes it?

p53 (also known as TP53) is a gene whose activation induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or senescence in response to distinct stimuli, including DNA damage. Which of the following best describes the role of p53?

Carcinogenesis involves three steps: initiation, promotion and progression. Chemical carcinogens can initiate cells through mutational inactivation of the following pathways, except:

Which of the following is true of methyl groups’ effect in the epigenetic mechanism?

Which of the following statements is not true about cancer stem cells?

Tommy, a 58-year-old man had severe pain in his thoracic region when he was skiing (PBL Case Week 8). The spinal x-ray showed a compression fracture of T4. Tommy is diagnosed to have multiple myeloma (cancer of plasma cell) based on laboratory results i.e. β2-microglobulin of 1966.95 μmol/L, positive Bence-Jones proteins in urine, also high level calcium (12 mg/dL), urea (66 mg/dL) and creatinine (1.9 mg/dL) in serum. Tommy will receive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant for the management of the disease. HSC needs to be characterized before transplantation. Which of the following is a characteristic of HSC?

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disease which causes mental retardation and reduced hair and skin pigmentation. It involves the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is encoded by the PAH gene in chromosome 12. This enzyme converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine. Depending on the mutation involved, conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is reduced or stops entirely. Unconverted phenylalanine builds up in the bloodstream and can lead to levels that are toxic to the developing nervous system of newborn and infant children. Which variation to Mendelian Law best describes the phenotype of PKU?