• Pleural effusions (thoracentesis)

• Ascites (paracentesis

• Removal and examination of living tissue from the body

• Obtains cells from tissue

• Ensures sufficient cell collection while maintaining patient comfort

• Disorganized cells lose spatial arrangement as seen in the lesion

• Pathologist evaluates the specimen during the procedure to assess the need for additional (a)  

This shows a

(a)  

• Spinal

• Franseen

• Chiba

• Bard

• Biopince

• Sonographic appearance of needle is either a (a)   line or dot depending on imaging plane used

A specialized ultrasound technique that uses microbubble contrast agents to enhance vascular and tissue imaging.

(a)  

• Microbubbles (1–10 μm) act as strong reflectors of ultrasound waves.

• They remain within the vascular system, allowing real-time visualization of blood flow

• (a)   imaging preserves microbubble integrity for dynamic assessment.

• Liver: Characterization of focal liver lesions (benign vs malignant).

• Kidneys: Evaluation of cystic or solid masses

• Cardiology: Myocardial perfusion and left ventricular opacification.

• Oncology: Tumor perfusion and therapy response monitoring

• Real-time perfusion imaging

• No ionizing radiation

• Safe for patients with renal impairment

• High spatial and temporal resolution

• Operator-dependent

• Limited penetration in deep or obese patients

• Contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to contrast agents

This shows

(a)  

Fluid is drained for comfort and there is a known cause

(a)  

• New onset of ascites

• Unknown etiology

This shows (a)  

• Performed when cause is already known

  • Fluid is removed for comfort

• Pain

• Bleeding

• Pneumothorax

• Infection

• Spleen or liver puncture

• Vasovegal events

• Sitting up with legs over the side of the bed is ideal position for (a)  

• Above 9^th rib to avoid subdiaphragmatic puncture

• Midway between spine and posterior axillary line where ribs are easily palpated

This shows

(a)  

• Removal of amniotic fluid for:

  • Genetic testing

  • Assessment of fetal lung maturity

• Used to relieve hydronephrosis

• Catheter is inserted through the back into the kidney and extends into the ureter, allowing urine to drain to the bladder

• Catheter is left in place to drain the abscess and manage infection

• Platelet therapy

• Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

• Anticoagulant therapy

• Alpraxolam (Xanax)

• Lorezepam (Ativan)

• Diazepam (Valium)

• Midazolam (Versed)

• Drowsiness

• Restlessness

• Cardiac irregularities

• Nausea

• Skin rash

• Safer than deep sedation

• Most common

• Requires patient cooperation during procedure

• Local tissue anesthetized

• Lidocaine (Xyelocaine)

• Sodium bicarbonate

This shows

(a)  

This shows

(a)  

This shows

(a)  

this shows

(a)  

• Non-ionizing radiation

• Fast exam (can be done in 5-10 minutes)

• Need patient cooperation

• Need patient to take in a deep breath

Normal exam with quiet respiration and sniff

(a)  

This shows

(a)  

No movement with respiration and cranial or absent movement with sniff.

(a)  

This shows

(a)  

allows users to quickly distinguish between normal and abnormal anatomical findings at the bedside and various clinical settings

(a)  

• Diagnostic

• Monitoring

• Procedural guidance

• Resuscitation

• Screening

• In trauma setting can be used during resuscitation for cardiac arrest

• Cardiac standstill or clotting within cardiac ventricles and atrii or decreased contractions

• Screening can rapidly assess patients to avoid the use of radiation

• Originally used to screen for abdominal aortic aneurysm

• has evolved into an integral extension of the clinical examination, providing real-time diagnostic insights at the bedside.

• focused assessment with sonography in trauma

• Provides rapid evaluation tool for trauma, and/ or acute patients (ICU)

• Pericardium

• Thorax

• Abdomen

• Pelvis

• children and pregnant-no ionizing radiation

• Hemodynamically unstable

• Penetrating trauma with multiple wounds

• Inability to differentiate blood from other fluids (ascites, urine)

• Obese patients

FAST exam position

(a)  

• Trendelenburg to shift fluid to dependent areas

• Sagittal oblique and coronal scanning

• Use liver and spleen as acoustic windows

This shows

(a)  

This shows

(a)  

• Sonography of the pericardial space

• Small pericardial effusion can become tamponade

• Patient must receive immediate treatment to avoid life threatening

• Pericardiocentesis

This shows

(a)  

This shows

(a)  

• visceral pleura slides back and forth under the parietal pleura between the ribs during respiration

Absence of sliding indicates

(a)  

This shows

(a)  

Surgical transfer of a healthy organ (allograft) from a donor to a recipient with organ failure.

(a)  

• Positioned in iliac fossa; connected to iliac vessels and bladder

• Placed in right iliac fossa; drainage may be enteric or bladder-based

• Implanted orthotopically with vascular and biliary anastomoses

• Superficial; normal corticomedullary differentiation; assess ureter and vessels

• Lobulated, homogeneous; located near iliac vessels; perfusion visible with Doppler

• Normal echotexture; evaluate hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts

This shows

(a)  

• Evaluate the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) during inspiration and expiration

• Rule out cardiac tamponade if the IVC collapses by (a)   % or more

• Ultrasound guides catheter insertion into arterial and venous structures.

• Provides real-time visualization of the needle for accurate placement.