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Landforms at the coast - Erosion

Coastal landscapes are constantly shaped and reshaped by the power of the sea. Waves crash against the shore every day, and over long periods of time this relentless action causes significant erosion. In areas where the coastline is made up of alternating bands of hard and weaker rock, the weaker rock erodes much faster. This process creates a sheltered, inward-curving feature known as a bay, while the harder, more resistant rock remains sticking out into the sea as a headland. These two coastal landforms—bay and headland—often appear side by side and are classic examples of how differences in rock strength influence coastal features.

As waves continue to pound the headland, they exploit cracks and weaknesses, gradually carving out small openings. Over many years, these openings grow into large sea caves. Sometimes, caves formed on opposite sides of a headland eventually meet when erosion cuts all the way through the rock. When this happens, a natural arch is created, forming a dramatic feature that allows the sea to pass beneath it.

Cliffs along the coast also undergo constant change. At the base of a cliff, the force of the waves creates a wave-cut notch, a hollowed-out section that grows deeper as erosion continues. Eventually, the overhanging rock becomes unstable and collapses. This cycle of erosion, collapse, and retreat repeats many times. As the cliff slowly moves backward, a broad, flat, rocky area is left behind at its former base. This feature, exposed at low tide, is called a wave-cut platform, and it provides clear evidence of how the coastline has changed over time.

Together, these features—bays, headlands, arches, wave-cut notches, and wave-cut platforms tell the story of a coastline shaped by the persistent power of waves and erosion.