The textbook lists four overlapping themes of policing which are gleaned from reviewing policing during the 20th century. These themes led to reforms over three decades which the textbook separates into three results. Which one of these three results is best associated with the definition “Became intimately involved in reforming the nature of the police.”

In his book The New World of Police Accountability, Walker (2005) summarizes how traditional approaches to reforming the police did not work. One of the approaches Walker discussed was the blue-ribbon commissions covered in the textbook. According to Walker, why were these commissions ineffective?

Regarding the Policing Now section of the textbook, which one of the following is best associated with the definition “Somewhat of a two‑edged sword for the police throughout their history together, but it would be the gateway to more ‘civilian friendly’ practices, including community oriented and problem‑oriented policing.”

Data has had a rough relationship with the police; operationalizing police activity has never really been successful. Traditional data measures focus on arrests rates, calls for service, and response time. True or False.

Which of the below choices facilitates the integration of internal evidence (quality and outcome data), external evidence (research) and practice across multiple settings to improve patient, provider, community, and system outcomes. Which term best completes the statement?

Science is traditionally time consuming and may not be timely enough to matter in real‑world application; this is how police practitioners viewed research until this changed dramatically with the advent of what new development?

Standards for evidence‑based crime policies and practices that have empirical evidence of effectiveness; such evidence must be based on experiments or quasi‑experiments; lastly there must be numerous studies, demonstration replicable results — best describes which one of the following?

The crime triangle — motivated offender, suitable target, and absence of a capable guardian — and by extension Problem‑Oriented Policing is premised on Felson’s Routine Activities Theory. True or False.

Crime mapping and crime analysis was most famously put into practice with which program in New York City?

Regarding police accountability mechanisms, a real‑time computer database technology whereby certain red flag indicators would catch a supervisor’s attention, who could then meet with the officer in question and work out a plan of remediation and improvement — best describes which one of the following?

In recent decades the textbook author suggests that policing and community relationships have changed in three fundamental ways: collaboration, communication, and ________. “Allowing civilians in on everyday operations, improved use of force policies, better handling of citizen complaints, and an all‑around ‘paradigm shift’ in how police view civilians, have improved relations between the police and community considerably since the 1970s” — which of the following completes these three fundamental changes?

A consortium of researchers (both academic and government) and local law enforcement agents who work with other stakeholders in the community and found impetus directly with the police themselves — is associated with which one of the following?

Standard Model of Policing, Zero Tolerance and Aggressive Policing, Problem Oriented Policing, Focused Deterrence, and Community Oriented Policing are all examples of policing strategies. True or False.

Despite the efforts of the U.S. Department of Justice, professional organizations and a variety of academics, there still is no widespread understanding and agreement about how policing strategies should be crafted and implemented. ______ policing offers a framework for developing a coherent approach through the application of sound scientific concepts and standards. Which of the following best fills in the blank and completes the sentence?

The interpretation of a situation causes the action, or the perception of reality is what creates real consequences, is a description of the Thomas Theorem. True or False.

The textbook author J. Cooper states the relationship between the police and society has never been fully understood. Some of the best attempts have been Kappeler’s The Police and Society (2006) and Rubinstein’s City Police (1973). In Kappeler’s text he wrote in reference to this relationship it has much to do with “our (meaning society) construction and perception of that relationship.” The textbook author J. Cooper frames this sentiment by Kappeler as a disconnect between the rights and responsibilities as defined by the social contract. True or False.

Race riots prior to the long hot summers of 1964–1968 were against groups of people white civilians rioting against black civilians. Social movements and the consequential behaviors of the ’60s (including the riots from ’64–’68) would turn this pattern on its head: African Americans and other minorities would now be the ones protesting, and they would do so against which one of the following?

The voice of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement truly began to gain momentum with which one of the following events?

After the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri and the homicide of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the subsequent riots from both incidents, there more than the usual calls for police reform, rioters were demanding fundamental change in what the police were for. Politicians were listening to calls to defund the police and/or radically change the role of the police in both form and ______ spread throughout the United States. Which word best fills the blank?

The textbook author J. Cooper states that after the long hot summers of 1964 thru 1968 and the protests and riots surrounding Ferguson 2014 and Minneapolis 2020 incidents, police violence, discrimination, and otherwise illicit behavior against minorities and minority communities – while still a problem – have decreased considerably. However, poor relationships between police and minority communities persist. The author states the reason lies with a strong disconnect between the police, _______ and _______over expectations about what police should do, how they should do it.

Our textbook suggests three “bigs” (as J. Cooper calls them) of social scientists whose theories help to explain the protests and riots of the 20th century even though these social scientists were not alive at the time of these protests and riots. Two of the big three are Durkheim and Marx. What is the name of the third scholar of Cooper’s three “bigs?”

One of Cooper’s three “bigs,” of social scientists was Karl Marx. Marx’s understanding of the way society functions was to lay out four “production” categories: means, relations, modes, and forces. Marx divided the means of production into two parts, the ______ and ______. One part does not produce, and the other does produce. The part that does not produce control production and reap its benefits. Which pair best completes the sentence?

Social scientist Max Weber defined the development and changes to societies into spheres: economic, politics, religion, and legal. All four spheres are interdependent, but some spheres exert more influence than others. The legal and religious spheres exerted a stronger influence on the political and economic than the vice versa. True or False.

Which one of Cooper’s three “bigs” of social scientists had as part of his theories an interpretation which explained that riots were a rational response to police when they are seen as no longer acceptable or legitimate?

In the police technology course material, what was the technology which “seeks to create machines that mimic human intelligence?”

With the use of new technologies in policing there comes major ethical concerns. A federal study conducted in 2019 found that a type of police technology in use had racial differences in accuracy, misidentifying people of color more often than white people. In that same year California banned the use of this technology. Which one of the following is this technology?

Fill in the blank. The textbook author J. Cooper asserts in the last chapter of the book, A Fourth Way, that the answer for understanding the race riots against the police is the Enlightenment, and specifically the ______ philosophy that grew out of this period.

Textbook author J. Cooper summarizes Enlightenment thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s description of The Social Contract, noting that citizens agree to give up certain rights and in return the state agrees to protect all remaining rights. Cooper focuses especially on a specific right from which citizens will abstain, while the state will be “the sole proprietor of this right.” Which one of the following is the right Cooper is referring to?

According to two Enlightenment thinkers, Rousseau and Locke, there are two parties involved in the social contract: the public (a.k.a. the body politic) and the government. The textbook author adds a third party to the social contract. Which one of the following best describes this third party?

The police, the public, and the government (politicians) each have distinct roles in society and these roles determine what they believe the police ought to do. Stated differently by J. Cooper, what the police ought to do is which one of the following?

In his work The function of the police in modern society: A review of background factors, current practices and possible role models, Egon Bittner (1970) wrote a definition of the police mandate from the perspective of the ______ and it remains salient today: basically, the police are there to fix problems—any problems, criminal or otherwise. Which one of the following best fills the blank?

In this passage about organizational effectiveness and public acceptance, Tom Tyler’s theory holds that a specific concept is maintained by state fairness. Which concept is being described?

In chapter 11 the textbook author J. Cooper argues there must be more than rights alone in the social contract. There must also be the expectation of ______; without this expectation, rights and their enforcement lose meaning. Which one of the following best fills the blank?

In chapter 11 the textbook author J. Cooper proposes a summit of the police, the body politic, and the government to determine the answer to the question: what are police to do, and how are they to do it? Which one of the following is Cooper describing?

In a 2022 report compiled by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, one principle of a comprehensive recruitment and retention strategy states: “Retention of Officer who Reflect the ______ of the Agency and Community with Accountability and Promotion Processes.” Which one of the following best fills the blank?

Research suggests that women in policing demonstrate many characteristics beneficial to policing. One such characteristic is that women tend to use less force and less excessive force. Select the correct evaluation of this statement.