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WorksheetsBISC 110 Final Review
Total questions: 86
Worksheet time: 43mins
What is the fundamental unit of life?
Atom
Cell
Molecule
Tissue
Which of the following best describes the structure of a cell membrane?
Rigid wall
Fluid mosaic
Solid barrier
Crystalline lattice
What is the main function of phospholipids in the cell membrane?
Provide energy for the cell
Form a bilayer that separates the cell from its surroundings
Store genetic information
Synthesize proteins
Which term refers to the ability of a biological membrane to allow certain substances to pass while blocking others?
Permeability
Selective permeability
Osmosis
Diffusion
What is homeostasis?
The process of cell division
The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism
The breakdown of food molecules
The movement of water across a membrane
Which feedback mechanism is most commonly used by living organisms to maintain homeostasis?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Neutral feedback
Random feedback
How does hydrogen bonding affect the properties of water?
It makes water a good solvent and allows for cohesion and temperature regulation
It causes water to evaporate quickly
It prevents water from mixing with other substances
It makes water heavier than most liquids
Which process requires a membrane protein and moves substances down their concentration gradient without energy input?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Osmosis
Which process requires energy input (e.g., ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Osmosis
What is a concentration gradient?
The difference in temperature across a membrane
The difference in the concentration of a substance across a space or membrane
The difference in pressure across a cell
The difference in pH across a solution
How do concentration gradients impact the movement of solutes?
Solutes move from areas of low concentration to high concentration
Solutes move from areas of high concentration to low concentration
Solutes do not move in response to concentration gradients
Solutes move randomly regardless of concentration
What distinguishes active transport from passive transport?
Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not.
Passive transport requires energy, while active transport does not.
Both require energy.
Neither requires energy.
The polymer of a carbohydrate is called a polysaccharide. What are the three main types and their functions?
Starch (energy storage in plants), Glycogen (energy storage in animals), Cellulose (structural support in plants)
Glucose (energy), Fructose (sweetness), Sucrose (table sugar)
Protein (structure), Lipid (energy), Nucleic acid (information)
Water (hydration), Salt (electrolyte), Vitamin (coenzyme)
What is the building block, or monomer, of a protein? How many types of these building blocks are there in total?
Amino acids; 20 types
Fatty acids; 10 types
Nucleotides; 4 types
Sugars; 5 types
What roles do proteins play in the cell and/or body?
Structural support, enzymes, transport, signaling, and immune response
Only energy storage
Only genetic information
Only hormone production
Which organs are considered functional organs in the digestive system, where food passes through?
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
Heart, Lungs, Kidneys
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
What are the main objectives of breathing? List the gases involved in inhalation and exhalation.
To obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide; oxygen is inhaled, carbon dioxide is exhaled
To obtain nitrogen and remove oxygen; nitrogen is inhaled, oxygen is exhaled
To obtain carbon dioxide and remove oxygen; carbon dioxide is inhaled, oxygen is exhaled
To obtain hydrogen and remove nitrogen; hydrogen is inhaled, nitrogen is exhaled
What are the “air sacs” of the lung called, and where does gas exchange actually take place?
Alveoli; gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
Bronchi; gas exchange occurs in the bronchi
Trachea; gas exchange occurs in the trachea
Diaphragm; gas exchange occurs in the diaphragm
Describe how blood carries oxygen. What is the name of the protein that binds to oxygen?
Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in red blood cells
Insulin binds to oxygen in white blood cells
Myosin binds to oxygen in muscle cells
Collagen binds to oxygen in skin cells
Which system responds faster to changes in the body: the endocrine system or the nervous system?
Endocrine system
Nervous system
Both respond at the same speed
Neither responds quickly
What is the main function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
Producing insulin
Regulating body temperature and controlling hormone release
Pumping blood
Digesting food
Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are too high?
Glucagon
Insulin
Melatonin
Adrenaline
What is the role of melatonin in the body?
Regulates blood pressure
Controls sleep-wake cycles
Increases muscle strength
Stimulates digestion
Which part of a neuron receives incoming signals?
Axon
Dendrites
Cell body
Myelin sheath
What is a synapse?
A type of hormone
A gap between two neurons where communication occurs
A part of the heart
A digestive enzyme
Compare the roles of the endocrine and nervous systems in maintaining homeostasis. How do they work together or separately?
Both systems only work separately and never together
The nervous system provides rapid responses, while the endocrine system provides slower, longer-lasting effects; both can work together to maintain homeostasis
Only the endocrine system maintains homeostasis
Only the nervous system maintains homeostasis
Explain the negative feedback mechanism for controlling blood glucose levels.
Blood glucose levels are ignored by the body
High blood glucose triggers insulin release, lowering glucose; low glucose triggers glucagon release, raising glucose
Blood glucose is always kept high
Blood glucose is controlled by melatonin
Which type of diabetes requires insulin injections due to insufficient insulin production?
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Juvenile diabetes
Why is sensory adaptation beneficial in everyday life?
It allows us to ignore constant stimuli and focus on changes in our environment.
It increases our sensitivity to pain.
It prevents us from detecting new stimuli.
It causes receptors to stop working.
How do general senses differ from special senses?
General senses have receptors distributed throughout the body, while special senses have localized receptors.
General senses are only found in the brain.
Special senses do not require receptors.
General senses are not involved in touch or pain.
What is DNA, and what essential information does it store?
Genetic information for the development and functioning of living organisms
Instructions for protein digestion
Data for cell respiration
Information for blood circulation
In the 'ladder' analogy for DNA structure, what do the sides and rungs represent?
Sides: sugar-phosphate backbone; Rungs: nitrogenous base pairs
Sides: protein chains; Rungs: amino acids
Sides: lipid bilayer; Rungs: carbohydrates
Sides: cell membrane; Rungs: enzymes
How does RNA differ from DNA in structure?
RNA has ribose sugar, is single-stranded, and contains uracil instead of thymine
RNA has deoxyribose sugar, is double-stranded, and contains thymine
RNA has glucose sugar, is triple-stranded, and contains cytosine
RNA has ribose sugar, is double-stranded, and contains adenine
What is a codon, and what does it encode?
A sequence of three nucleotides that encodes an amino acid
A sequence of two nucleotides that encodes a protein
A single nucleotide that encodes a carbohydrate
A sequence of four nucleotides that encodes a lipid
What is genetic engineering?
The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology
The study of animal behavior
The process of cell division
The measurement of genetic diversity
What is PCR (polymerase chain reaction) used for?
Amplifying DNA sequences
Breaking down proteins
Synthesizing carbohydrates
Measuring blood pressure
What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
Organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
Organisms that have not been changed genetically
Organisms that are only found in nature
Organisms that cannot reproduce
Describe the process of transcription in protein production.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
The breakdown of proteins into amino acids
The conversion of RNA into DNA
The replication of DNA
Why is complementary base-pairing significant for DNA's function?
It ensures accurate replication and transmission of genetic information
It allows proteins to be digested
It prevents mutation
It causes cell division
What is the purpose of simple cell division in the body?
To increase the number of cells for growth and repair
To produce energy for the cell
To remove waste products from the cell
To synthesize proteins
Which process do human cells use to divide during growth and tissue repair?
Meiosis
Binary fission
Mitosis
Budding
Define cytokinesis.
The division of the cell's nucleus
The process of DNA replication
The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate cells
The alignment of chromosomes at the cell center
During mitosis, what happens to sister chromatids?
They fuse together
They separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
They are destroyed
They remain paired in the nucleus
What is metastasis and why is it significant in cancer biology?
The process of cell division
The spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body, making treatment more difficult
The repair of damaged DNA
The formation of benign tumors
What are the characteristics and outcomes of benign and malignant tumors?
Benign tumors spread rapidly; malignant tumors do not spread
Benign tumors do not invade other tissues; malignant tumors can invade and spread to other tissues
Both types of tumors are harmless
Malignant tumors are always smaller than benign tumors
What is a mutagen?
A type of cell
A substance that causes mutations in DNA
A protein that repairs DNA
A chromosome
Why is it necessary for gametes to have only one set of chromosomes?
To ensure offspring have double the chromosome number
To maintain the correct chromosome number in offspring after fertilization
To allow for faster cell division
To prevent genetic variation
What does "diploid" mean, and how is it notated?
One set of chromosomes, notated as n
Two sets of chromosomes, notated as 2n
Three sets of chromosomes, notated as 3n
Four sets of chromosomes, notated as 4n
What is the only pair of human chromosomes that is non-homologous?
Chromosome 1
Chromosome 21
Sex chromosomes (X and Y)
Chromosome 12
Define "allele" and explain its significance in genetics.
A type of cell division
A variant form of a gene that contributes to genetic diversity
A protein that repairs DNA
A chromosome pair
How does meiosis create haploid cells from diploid cells?
By duplicating chromosomes
By dividing the cell twice, reducing the chromosome number by half
By fusing two cells together
By increasing the chromosome number
What is the end result of meiosis in terms of the type and number of cells produced?
Two diploid cells
Four haploid cells
One diploid cell
Four diploid cells
How does crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization contribute to genetic variability in gametes?
They ensure all gametes are genetically identical
They increase genetic diversity by mixing genetic material in different combinations
They prevent mutations from occurring
They reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes
What is nondisjunction, and what are its consequences?
The correct separation of chromosomes during meiosis; leads to healthy offspring
The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis; can result in embryos with abnormal chromosome numbers
The fusion of two gametes; leads to genetic diversity
The replication of DNA; leads to mutations
Compare the roles of mitosis and meiosis in the body. What specific differences between these processes support their different purposes?
Mitosis produces genetically unique cells for reproduction; meiosis produces identical cells for growth
Mitosis is for growth and tissue repair, producing identical cells; meiosis is for sexual reproduction, producing genetically unique haploid cells
Both mitosis and meiosis produce identical cells for tissue repair
Meiosis is for growth and tissue repair; mitosis is for sexual reproduction
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the male reproductive system that contributes fluids to semen?
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate
Ovaries
Vas deferens
Where does human egg production (oogenesis) occur within the female body?
Uterus
Ovaries
Vagina
Fallopian tubes
What is the term for a packet of genetic information found in cells?
Gene
Allele
Chromosome
Phenotype
What is the difference between an allele and a chromosome?
An allele is a variant form of a gene, while a chromosome is a structure containing many genes
An allele is a type of cell, while a chromosome is a protein
An allele is a structure containing many genes, while a chromosome is a variant form of a gene
An allele and a chromosome are the same thing
Which of the following best describes the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles?
Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles
Recessive alleles mask the effects of dominant alleles
Dominant and recessive alleles always produce the same phenotype
Dominant alleles are always harmful
What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous genotypes?
Heterozygous has two different alleles, homozygous has two identical alleles
Heterozygous has two identical alleles, homozygous has two different alleles
Heterozygous refers to phenotype, homozygous refers to genotype
There is no difference
What is a monohybrid cross?
A cross involving one gene with two alleles
A cross involving two genes with multiple alleles
A cross involving only dominant alleles
A cross involving only recessive alleles
What is the expected genotypic ratio in the offspring of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa)?
1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
2 AA : 1 Aa : 1 aa
1 AA : 1 Aa : 2 aa
3 AA : 1 aa
How can a pedigree be useful in genetics?
It helps determine the pattern of inheritance of a trait
It shows the structure of chromosomes
It identifies the location of genes on a chromosome
It measures the amount of DNA in a cell
Which of the following is the only phenotype that can be used to know an individual's genotype for certain in a pedigree?
Recessive phenotype
Dominant phenotype
Both dominant and recessive phenotypes
Neither phenotype
What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance?
Incomplete dominance results in a blend of traits, codominance shows both traits equally
Incomplete dominance shows only one trait, codominance shows a blend
Incomplete dominance and codominance are the same
Incomplete dominance results in no trait expression
How do incomplete dominance and codominance affect the number of phenotypes?
They increase the number of phenotypes
They decrease the number of phenotypes
They do not affect the number of phenotypes
They eliminate all phenotypes
What is polygenic inheritance?
Inheritance controlled by multiple genes
Inheritance controlled by a single gene
Inheritance controlled by environmental factors only
Inheritance controlled by dominant alleles only
How can environmental factors influence the expression of traits?
They can modify how traits are expressed, leading to variation
They have no effect on trait expression
They only affect dominant traits
They only affect recessive traits
Which of the following is a main role of white blood cells in the immune system?
Transporting oxygen
Defending the body against pathogens
Producing hormones
Digesting food
Where are lymphocytes primarily found in the body?
In the digestive system
In lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues
In the skin
In the bones
Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is specific, adaptive immunity is nonspecific
Innate immunity acts early and is nonspecific, adaptive immunity is specific and develops later
Both are specific and act at the same time
Adaptive immunity is only found in plants
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier in the first line of innate defense?
Antibodies
Skin
Helper T cells
Plasma cells
What is the main function of inflammation in the immune response?
To increase blood pressure
To isolate and combat areas of infection
To produce hormones
To digest nutrients
Which cell type secretes histamine during the immune response?
Red blood cells
Basophils
Plasma cells
Helper T cells
How do fevers help protect the body during infection?
By lowering body temperature
By speeding up the immune response and inhibiting pathogen growth
By producing antibodies directly
By increasing oxygen transport
Which of the following is a key feature of adaptive immunity?
It acts immediately and is nonspecific
It targets specific pathogens and has memory
It only involves physical barriers
It does not involve white blood cells
What is the difference between cell-mediated and humoral immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity involves antibodies, humoral immunity involves T cells
Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells, humoral immunity involves antibodies
Both involve only physical barriers
Both are part of innate immunity
Which cells present antigens to helper T cells?
Red blood cells
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Basophils
Platelets
What are the "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response?
Helper T cells
Red blood cells
Basophils
Macrophages
B and T cells are which type of white blood cell?
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
What is the main function of antibodies in the immune system?
To digest food
To bind to antigens and help neutralize pathogens
To produce hormones
To transport oxygen
What is the difference between the primary and secondary immune responses?
The primary response is faster and stronger than the secondary
The secondary response is faster and stronger due to memory cells
Both responses are identical
The secondary response only occurs in plants
What is the purpose of vaccination?
To cure diseases instantly
To build up the body's defenses against infectious diseases
To increase blood pressure
To produce hormones
Which pathogen has spores that are carried through the air?
protist/parasite
fungi
bacteria
virus
Influenza is caused by:
virus
bacteria
parasite
fungi
