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WorksheetsAMSCO 5.1 Enlightenment (pages 273-281)
Total questions: 121
Worksheet time: 1hrs 1mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
Understand the ContextAccording to the text, what was the trend in human integration into the global trade network between 1750 and 1900?
a)
People continued becoming more integrated into a global trade network.
b)
People began to withdraw from the global trade network.
c)
The level of integration remained static.
d)
People became less dependent on global trade.
e)
Integration into regional, not global, trade increased.
2.
Which of the following technological developments is cited as fostering closer global integration?
a)
Machinery for spinning thread, locomotives, telegraphs, and steel mills.
b)
Farming implements, windmills, printing presses, and cannons.
c)
Steamships, compasses, gunpowder, and silk looms.
d)
Barometers, microscopes, clocks, and telescopes.
e)
Radios, airplanes, computers, and vaccines.
3.
What is the Industrial Revolution defined as, and what was its immediate effect on manufacturing?
a)
The increased use of machinery in producing goods, causing manufacturing output to skyrocket.
b)
The shift from agrarian to service economies, causing a decline in manufactured goods.
c)
The introduction of electric power, causing a slow but steady increase in output.
d)
The return to handcraft production, causing a decrease in factory output.
e)
The centralization of capital, causing a slight rise in luxury goods.
4.
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin, and by what year had it affected the entire world?
a)
It began in Great Britain and affected all of the world by 2000.
b)
It began in France and was worldwide by 1950.
c)
It began in the United States and was global by 1850.
d)
It began in Germany and affected the world by 1900.
e)
It began in China and was global by 2050.
5.
What broader impacts did the Industrial Revolution set the stage for?
a)
Dramatic changes in international relations, politics, and demography.
b)
A long period of peace, political stability, and reduced global population.
c)
A return to absolute monarchies and agrarian societies.
d)
Isolationism and a decrease in international trade.
e)
A global shift to uniform political and economic systems.
6.
Foreign PowerAs global trade grew, how did industrializing countries seek to protect their access to resources and markets?
a)
By establishing control over overseas lands.
b)
By implementing strict isolationist policies.
c)
By investing exclusively in domestic production.
d)
By negotiating reciprocal trade agreements with all nations.
e)
By relying solely on diplomacy and international law.
7.
What was a common reaction from the lands that came under foreign domination due to industrializing countries' expansion?
a)
They often rebelled against foreign domination.
b)
They willingly accepted foreign rule for economic benefits.
c)
They immediately adopted the foreign powers' political systems.
d)
They formed alliances with the foreign powers' rivals.
e)
They petitioned for representation in the foreign power's government.
8.
Which two countries are mentioned as being among the first to rebel against foreign domination in the 18th century?
a)
The United States and Haiti.
b)
France and Russia.
c)
India and China.
d)
Brazil and Mexico.
e)
Germany and Italy.
9.
A New Type of CountryWhat structural change in states did Industrialization provide the background for?
a)
Reorganizing states.
b)
Consolidating all states into a single global empire.
c)
Decentralizing all governments into local communes.
d)
Eliminating the concept of a state entirely.
e)
Establishing uniform religious monarchies.
10.
Before the 1800s, what were the two main types of political entities where most people lived?
a)
Large multi-ethnic empires or small homogenous kingdoms.
b)
Nation-states or democratic republics.
c)
City-states or confederations.
d)
Global federations or isolated tribes.
e)
Theocracies or military dictatorships.
11.
After 1800, what new type of country did people increasingly live in, and what characterized it?
a)
Nation-states, where everyone shared the same culture and lived in the same country.
b)
Universal empires, where many cultures lived under one ruler.
c)
Multi-ethnic federations, based on shared economic interests.
d)
Small, decentralized principalities focused on local governance.
e)
Religious communes, where faith dictated boundaries.
12.
What was a frequent consequence of breaking up empires and combining kingdoms to create nation-states?
a)
It frequently led to war.
b)
It led to a sustained period of global peace.
c)
It resulted in universal economic prosperity.
d)
It fostered unprecedented religious harmony.
e)
It guaranteed democratic governance.
13.
Movements of PeopleWhat massive human event was Industrialization also the context for?
a)
Massive human migrations.
b)
A worldwide decline in birth rates.
c)
A shift towards nomadic lifestyles.
d)
A global standardization of currency.
e)
A sudden halt to all international travel.
14.
Why did millions of people move during this period?
a)
As demand for labor shifted, millions moved in search of work.
b)
Due to a series of global natural disasters.
c)
Because of a worldwide religious pilgrimage.
d)
To escape oppressive political systems in all regions.
e)
In response to a coordinated global resettlement plan.
15.
Which groups are given as examples of people who voluntarily resettled, were coerced into taking jobs, or were forcibly taken to the Americas?
a)
Europeans, South Asians, and Africans.
b)
East Asians, Native Americans, and Australians.
c)
Middle Easterners, Russians, and North Africans.
d)
South Americans, Pacific Islanders, and Scandinavians.
e)
Irish, Chinese, and Poles.
16.
What was the effect of these movements on communities across the world?
a)
These movements diversified communities across the world.
b)
These movements led to a greater cultural homogeneity worldwide.
c)
These movements resulted in the complete separation of cultural groups.
d)
These movements caused a universal decline in population density.
e)
These movements primarily affected only the Americas.
17.
The EnlightenmentAs empires expanded and trade routes led to more interactions, what did 17th and 18th century intellectuals begin to emphasize?
a)
Reason over tradition and individualism over community values.
b)
Faith over science and monarchy over democracy.
c)
Collectivism over individual liberty and tradition over change.
d)
Religious dogma over secular reasoning and isolation over interaction.
e)
Obedience to authority over self-determination.
18.
What were these intellectual shifts called?
a)
The Enlightenment.
b)
The Scientific Revolution.
c)
The Renaissance.
d)
The Reformation.
e)
The Great Awakening.
19.
According to the text, what did the ideals of the Enlightenment, such as individualism, freedom, and self-determination, challenge and ultimately plant the seeds for?
a)
They challenged the roles of monarchs and church leaders and planted the seeds of revolution in the United States, France, and around the world.
b)
They supported the divine right of kings and stabilized existing political structures.
c)
They led to a general decline in literacy and intellectual pursuits.
d)
They encouraged a return to purely religious forms of governance.
e)
They solidified the power of the aristocracy and the church.
20.
An Age of New IdeasGrowing out of the Scientific Revolution and the humanism of the Renaissance, what was the general tone of Enlightenment thought?
a)
Optimistic.
b)
Pessimistic.
c)
Indifferent.
d)
Cynical.
e)
Apocalyptic.
21.
What did many Enlightenment writers believe would result from applying reason to natural laws?
a)
Progress.
b)
Stagnation.
c)
Chaos.
d)
Divine intervention.
e)
Regression.
22.
While not denying God's existence, what did Enlightenment thinkers emphasize?
a)
Human accomplishments in understanding the natural world.
b)
The absolute authority of religious scriptures.
c)
The supremacy of monarchical power.
d)
The limitations of human intellect.
e)
The importance of ritual over reason.
23.
What conclusion did the belief that natural laws governed the natural world lead to regarding social and political spheres?
a)
That natural laws governed the social and political spheres as well.
b)
That social and political spheres were governed by divine command alone.
c)
That human laws could entirely supersede natural laws.
d)
That social and political spheres were entirely random and unpredictable.
e)
That only absolute monarchs understood social and political laws.
24.
What was the effect of Enlightenment beliefs on traditional religion, even though it didn't disappear?
a)
It became less pervasive.
b)
It became more politically dominant.
c)
It underwent a period of universal revival.
d)
It merged completely with scientific thought.
e)
It was entirely outlawed in Europe.
25.
What new ideas emerged about improving society, and what was the period subsequently called?
a)
Schools of thought including socialism and liberalism arose, giving rise to the period being called "the Age of Isms."
b)
A consensus on pure conservatism emerged, leading to the "Age of Stability."
c)
All political ideologies were abandoned, leading to the "Age of Apathy."
d)
A global system of mercantilism was established, leading to the "Age of Commerce."
e)
Monarchy became the only accepted political system, leading to the "Age of Kings."
26.
What opposing current of thought was particularly popular among the European ruling class?
a)
Conservatism.
b)
Communism.
c)
Anarchism.
d)
Existentialism.
e)
Nihilism.
27.
What were the two common aims of the revolutions that resulted from the clash between new ideas and old political structures?
a)
Independence from imperial powers and constitutional representation.
b)
The establishment of absolute monarchies and the abolition of all taxes.
c)
The complete rejection of all forms of government.
d)
A global unified empire and the end of all trade.
e)
A return to feudalism and the dominance of the church.
28.
What concept did the breakup of empires and the emergence of new forms of government often develop out of?
a)
Nationalism.
b)
Imperialism.
c)
Mercantilism.
d)
Isolationism.
e)
Absolutism.
29.
What is nationalism defined as?
a)
A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture.
b)
A belief in the absolute power of a monarch.
c)
The pursuit of economic gain through colonial expansion.
d)
The devotion to a specific religious doctrine.
e)
The rejection of all forms of collective identity.
30.
How did the idea that people who share a culture should live in an independent nation-state threaten Europe's multiethnic empires?
a)
It threatened to destroy all of Europe's multiethnic empires.
b)
It strengthened the multiethnic empires by unifying diverse populations.
c)
It caused a temporary pause in all European conflicts.
d)
It led to the empires adopting nationalism as their core principle.
e)
It primarily affected non-European colonies, not Europe itself.
31.
New Ideas and Their RootsWhat did Francis Bacon emphasize in the 17th century?
a)
Empirical methods of scientific inquiry.
b)
Religious revelation as the only source of truth.
c)
Abstract philosophical reasoning over observation.
d)
The authority of ancient texts.
e)
Intuition and emotional insight.
32.
What is empiricism defined as?
a)
The belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments.
b)
The belief that all knowledge is inherent from birth.
c)
The belief that political power derives from divine right.
d)
The belief that economic prosperity is predetermined by fate.
e)
The belief that truth is only attainable through complex mathematical models.
33.
Rather than relying on tradition or religion, how did Bacon base his conclusions?
a)
On his observation of natural data.
b)
On the pronouncements of the King.
c)
On ancient Greek philosophical principles.
d)
On purely speculative reasoning.
e)
On emotional and artistic expression.
34.
Hobbes and LockeWhat concept did Thomas Hobbes and John Locke view political life as the result of?
a)
A social contract.
b)
Divine providence.
c)
Inherited power.
d)
Military conquest.
e)
Economic determinism.
35.
According to Hobbes, what was the natural state of people, and what did they give up in the social contract?
a)
A bleak world in which life was "nasty, brutish, and short"; they gave up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order.
b)
A state of perfect harmony; they gave up all rights to a council of elders.
c)
A democratic utopia; they gave up the right to bear arms.
d)
A condition of anarchy; they gave up the right to own property.
e)
A divinely ordained hierarchy; they gave up the right to worship freely.
36.
In contrast to Hobbes, what did Locke argue the social contract implied?
a)
The right, even the responsibility, of citizens to revolt against unjust government.
b)
The absolute and unquestionable submission to the sovereign.
c)
The necessity of a permanent state of warfare.
d)
The creation of a global super-government.
e)
The abandonment of all forms of collective living.
37.
What three natural rights did Locke believe people possessed?
a)
Life, liberty, and the pursuit of property.
b)
Health, wealth, and happiness.
c)
Justice, peace, and security.
d)
Freedom, equality, and fraternity.
e)
Honor, duty, and tradition.
38.
What radical idea did Locke propose in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding?
a)
That a child was born with a mind like a "blank slate" (tabula rasa) waiting to be filled with knowledge.
b)
That all individuals are born with fixed intelligence and personality.
c)
That education is irrelevant to a person's fate.
d)
That the church should control all schooling.
e)
That ancestry is the sole determinant of a person's character.
39.
Why was Locke's emphasis on environment and education in shaping people considered radical?
a)
Because most people believed that an individual's intelligence, personality, and fate were heavily determined by their ancestry.
b)
Because the public believed that only religious instruction mattered.
c)
Because it contradicted the widespread belief in government-controlled destiny.
d)
Because it rejected the idea of any form of human intellect.
e)
Because it was the first time anyone had considered the role of education.
40.
The PhilosophesIn the 18th century, what did the new group of thinkers and writers called the philosophes explore?
a)
Social, political, and economic theories in new ways.
b)
Only ancient religious texts.
c)
Exclusively the natural sciences.
d)
Military strategies and defense.
e)
Abstract art and music theory.
41.
How did the philosophes popularize concepts?
a)
By formulating questions that followed rationally upon those of the scientific thinkers of the 17th century.
b)
By relying solely on ancient Greek philosophy.
c)
By appealing directly to the ruling monarchs.
d)
By conducting large-scale social experiments.
e)
By writing complex mathematical proofs.
42.
Where does the term philosophes come from, and who were some of the writers included in this group?
a)
The French word for "philosopher"; Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Adam Smith, and several French thinkers.
b)
The Latin word for "wisdom"; Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero.
c)
The German word for "thinker"; Kant, Hegel, and Nietzsche.
d)
The English word for "scholar"; Newton, Boyle, and Hooke.
e)
The Italian word for "artist"; Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
43.
Whose ideas were particularly important to the writers of the new constitutions in France and America?
a)
Baron Montesquieu.
b)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
c)
Thomas Hobbes.
d)
Francis Bacon.
e)
Mary Wollstonecraft.
44.
What aspect of the British government did Montesquieu's famous work, The Spirit of Laws, praise?
a)
Its use of checks on power because it had a Parliament.
b)
Its system of absolute monarchy.
c)
Its complete lack of a judicial branch.
d)
Its reliance on a single, all-powerful leader.
e)
Its commitment to a state-sponsored religion.
45.
How did Montesquieu influence the American system?
a)
By separating its executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
b)
By establishing a lifelong, hereditary monarchy.
c)
By advocating for a unified and unchecked central government.
d)
By suggesting the abolition of all elected bodies.
e)
By arguing for the legislative branch to have supreme power.
46.
For what literary work is François-Marie Arouet, pen name Voltaire, perhaps best known?
a)
His social satire Candide (1762).
b)
His treatise on education, Emile.
c)
His philosophical work, Leviathan.
d)
His economic analysis, The Wealth of Nations.
e)
His advocacy for women's rights, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
47.
For what two reasons was Voltaire famous during his lifetime?
a)
His wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties.
b)
His military conquests and religious devotion.
c)
His abstract paintings and musical compositions.
d)
His discovery of new scientific principles.
e)
His successful career as a politician.
48.
Why did Voltaire live in England for three years, and what did he develop an appreciation for there?
a)
Exiled due to a conflict with a member of the French aristocracy; he developed an appreciation for its constitutional monarchy and a regard for civil rights.
b)
To study their advanced scientific methods; he developed an appreciation for their empirical approach.
c)
To advise the King on military matters; he developed an appreciation for their strong army.
d)
To teach French philosophy; he developed an appreciation for their established church.
e)
To conduct economic research; he developed an appreciation for their mercantilist policies.
49.
What ideas did Voltaire bring back to France, and for what did he campaign there?
a)
Constitutional monarchy and civil rights; he campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform.
b)
Absolute monarchy and censorship; he campaigned for stronger aristocratic power.
c)
Economic protectionism and state control; he campaigned for higher tariffs.
d)
Colonial expansion and military spending; he campaigned for a larger navy.
e)
Traditional religious authority; he campaigned for the banning of all secular writings.
50.
What enduring influence is mentioned about Voltaire's writings and correspondence?
a)
His correspondence with heads of state and his extensive writings are still quoted today.
b)
His works are only read in academic circles.
c)
His writings were completely banned after his death.
d)
His influence was limited to his immediate friends.
e)
Only his satirical works are still relevant.
51.
Which US foundational document was influenced by Voltaire's idea of religious liberty?
a)
The U.S. Constitution.
b)
The Declaration of Independence.
c)
The Articles of Confederation.
d)
The Bill of Rights.
e)
The Federalist Papers.
52.
Who was a contemporary of Voltaire, and what did he expand upon?
a)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who expanded on the idea of the social contract as it had passed down through the work of Hobbes and Locke.
b)
Adam Smith, who expanded on the idea of free trade.
c)
Denis Diderot, who expanded on the compilation of knowledge in the Encyclopedia.
d)
Thomas Paine, who expanded on the defense of Deism.
e)
Baron Montesquieu, who expanded on the concept of checks and balances.
53.
What was the subject of one of Rousseau's early works, Emile, or On Education (1762)?
a)
He laid out his ideas on child-rearing and education.
b)
He presented his arguments for absolute monarchy.
c)
He analyzed the economic system of mercantilism.
d)
He critiqued the concept of natural rights.
e)
He advocated for a return to traditional religious schooling.
54.
What key concepts did Rousseau present in his later work, The Social Contract (1762)?
a)
The concept of the General Will of a population and the obligation of a sovereign to carry out that General Will.
b)
The theory of the "invisible hand" guiding the economy.
c)
The idea of the separation of powers in government.
d)
The belief in a tabula rasa at birth.
e)
The argument for the divine right of kings.
55.
Why did Rousseau inspire many revolutionaries of the late 18th century?
a)
Because he was an optimist who believed that society could improve.
b)
Because he advocated for a return to a primitive, uncivilized state.
c)
Because he called for the complete dismantling of all government.
d)
Because he argued that all people were fundamentally evil.
e)
Because he supported the absolute power of the aristocracy.
56.
Adam SmithWho is identified as one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment?
a)
Adam Smith.
b)
Isaac Newton.
c)
Galileo Galilei.
d)
Thomas Aquinas.
e)
King Louis XIV.
57.
What was the context and central message of Adam Smith's book, The Wealth of Nations (1776)?
a)
Smith responded to mercantilism by calling for freer trade.
b)
Smith responded to free trade by calling for increased mercantilism.
c)
Smith argued for a state-controlled, centrally planned economy.
d)
Smith advocated for the total abolition of currency and markets.
e)
Smith supported a return to a purely agrarian economy.
58.
Although Smith supported some government regulations and saw the benefits of taxes, what did he generally advocate for?
a)
Laissez-faire, a French phrase for "leave alone."
b)
Mercantilism, meaning high tariffs and state control.
c)
Socialism, meaning public ownership of the means of production.
d)
Feudalism, meaning a return to land-based labor.
e)
Theocracy, meaning rule by religious leaders.
59.
What was the implication of the laissez-faire approach?
a)
That governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions.
b)
That governments should tightly control all aspects of the economy.
c)
That governments should nationalize all industries.
d)
That governments should provide universal basic income.
e)
That governments should establish a single global currency.
60.
What did Smith believe would guide businesses and consumers to make choices beneficial for society if they were allowed to make choices in their own interests?
a)
The "invisible hand" of the market.
b)
The direct command of the sovereign.
c)
The strict enforcement of government regulations.
d)
The moral guidance of the church.
e)
A central planning committee.
61.
What economic system did Smith's ideas provide a foundation for?
a)
Capitalism, an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.
b)
Communism, where the means of production are communally owned.
c)
Mercantilism, where the state controls trade to maximize exports.
d)
Feudalism, where land ownership is the basis of power.
e)
Anarchy, where there is no economic structure.
62.
DeismWhat did the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason lead some thinkers to reexamine?
a)
The relationship of humans to God.
b)
The absolute authority of the King.
c)
The principles of geometry.
d)
The structure of the earth.
e)
The rules of ancient warfare.
63.
What is Deism, which some thinkers adopted?
a)
The belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion.
b)
The belief in a polytheistic pantheon.
c)
The belief that God actively intervenes in daily life.
d)
The belief that religious faith must supersede all reason.
e)
The belief that there is no God.
64.
To what did Deists compare the divinity?
a)
To a watchmaker who makes a watch but does not interfere in its day-to-day workings.
b)
To an all-powerful king who controls every action.
c)
To a shepherd who guides his flock moment-to-moment.
d)
To a fierce warrior who demands constant sacrifice.
e)
To a cosmic jester who acts whimsically.
65.
How did Deists believe these natural laws could be best understood?
a)
Through scientific inquiry rather than study of the Bible.
b)
Through intense, lifelong prayer.
c)
Through the absolute authority of the Pope.
d)
Through the strict study of ancient prophecies.
e)
Through irrational and spontaneous emotion.
66.
Despite their unorthodox ideas, what did many Deists still view as an important social obligation?
a)
Regular church attendance as a way people received moral guidance.
b)
The complete rejection of all organized religion.
c)
Constant public debate of religious principles.
d)
Secret meetings to practice their beliefs.
e)
Publicly burning religious texts.
67.
Who was militant in his defense of Deism in the book The Age of Reason (1794)?
a)
Thomas Paine.
b)
Thomas Jefferson.
c)
Benjamin Franklin.
d)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
e)
Voltaire.
68.
What was the consequence of Paine's anti-church writings on his popularity, despite his previous work Common Sense advocating liberty from Britain?
a)
His anti-church writings damaged much of his popularity.
b)
His popularity increased dramatically worldwide.
c)
His popularity remained unchanged.
d)
He was elected to high office because of his views.
e)
The church officially endorsed his work.
69.
The Age of New Ideas ContinuesWhat social problems did Enlightenment thinkers react to in Europe and America?
a)
The social ills caused by increasing urbanization and industrialization.
b)
The problem of overly decentralized, weak governments.
c)
The lack of a uniform global language.
d)
The over-reliance on traditional agricultural practices.
e)
The shortage of skilled laborers in the cities.
70.
What were the living conditions of poor workers in the cities like?
a)
They lived in slums without proper sanitation and without political representation.
b)
They enjoyed high wages and excellent public services.
c)
They were granted full political rights immediately.
d)
They were able to afford homes with modern amenities.
e)
They had no need for sanitation due to a clean environment.
71.
What were some proposed solutions to the observable problems?
a)
Some wanted more government regulations and programs, and many Christians called for greater private charity.
b)
A unified call for the abolition of all industry.
c)
A consensus to abandon the cities and return to farming.
d)
Only the poor themselves were expected to find solutions.
e)
The exclusive establishment of military dictatorships.
72.
What was the response of some conservatives to these problems?
a)
They blamed the poor themselves and called on them to change.
b)
They advocated for radical socialist reforms.
c)
They demanded the nationalization of all industries.
d)
They proposed a universal welfare system.
e)
They called for a return to absolute monarchy.
73.
What is conservatism defined as?
a)
A belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectability.
b)
A belief in the perfectibility of man through reason and science.
c)
A belief in the absolute necessity of revolution for change.
d)
A belief that the state must control all economic activity.
e)
A belief in the elimination of all social classes.
74.
Utopian SocialismWhat does the economic and political theory of socialism refer to?
a)
A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal.
b)
A system of absolute private ownership of all resources and production.
c)
A system where the church owns all means of production.
d)
A system based entirely on barter and no currency.
e)
A system where the government controls only the agricultural sector.
75.
What did the various branches of socialism that developed in the 19th century provide?
a)
Alternative visions of the social and economic future.
b)
A unified, monolithic political platform.
c)
A complete rejection of all technological progress.
d)
A call for a return to a purely religious society.
e)
A system of absolute individual self-reliance.
76.
What were those called who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities?
a)
Utopian socialists.
b)
Anarcho-syndicalists.
c)
Revisionist Marxists.
d)
Classical liberals.
e)
Radical conservatives.
77.
What did Henri de Saint-Simon believe could be achieved by scientists and engineers working together with businesses?
a)
That they could operate clean, efficient, beautiful places to work that produced things useful to society.
b)
That they should overthrow the government.
c)
That they should focus exclusively on military technology.
d)
That they should form an independent political party.
e)
That they should return to subsistence farming.
78.
What large public works project did Saint-Simon advocate for that the French government later undertook?
a)
Building the Suez Canal in Egypt, which opened in 1869.
b)
Building the Great Wall of China.
c)
Building a transcontinental railroad in North America.
d)
Building a network of defensive castles across Europe.
e)
Building the Panama Canal.
79.
How did Charles Fourier propose to make work more enjoyable and workers less tired?
a)
By identifying some 810 passions that, when encouraged, would make work more enjoyable.
b)
By introducing mandatory long working hours.
c)
By reducing all workers' pay to encourage efficiency.
d)
By eliminating all forms of leisure time.
e)
By forcing all workers to live in isolation.
80.
What fundamental principle did Fourier believe was central to utopia, in contrast to the thinking of Karl Marx?
a)
Harmonious living in communities rather than the class struggle.
b)
The violent revolution of the proletariat.
c)
The establishment of a temporary dictatorship.
d)
The permanent and absolute rule of the wealthy.
e)
The complete absence of all societal rules.
81.
In what two locations did Robert Owen establish intentional communities governed by the principles of utopian socialism?
a)
New Lanark, Scotland, and New Harmony, Indiana.
b)
London, England, and Paris, France.
c)
Moscow, Russia, and Beijing, China.
d)
Rome, Italy, and Athens, Greece.
e)
Berlin, Germany, and Vienna, Austria.
82.
What specific beliefs did Robert Owen hold for his intentional communities?
a)
Education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules to govern work, education, and leisure time.
b)
Strict individual ownership of all means of production.
c)
The total exclusion of all children from the community.
d)
A return to a traditional, hierarchical class structure.
e)
Government by an unelected, hereditary elite.
83.
What type of socialist groups formed in England in the later 19th century, such as the Fabian Society?
a)
Gradual socialists: they favored reforming society by parliamentary means.
b)
Revolutionary socialists: they favored violent overthrow of the government.
c)
Anarchist socialists: they favored the complete abolition of the state.
d)
Utopian socialists: they favored setting up ideal communities.
e)
Religious socialists: they favored rule by the church.
84.
What eventually happened to socialist principles by the mid-20th century?
a)
They would influence most of Western Europe.
b)
They were completely abandoned worldwide.
c)
They only remained relevant in isolated, small communities.
d)
They led to the immediate collapse of all European governments.
e)
They were adopted only in the Americas.
85.
Classical LiberalismWhat core beliefs did others advocate through classical liberalism?
a)
A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.
b)
A belief in absolute monarchy and state-controlled economies.
c)
A belief in the elimination of all individual rights.
d)
A belief in a state-run, centralized, socialist system.
e)
A belief in the permanent power of the aristocracy.
86.
What professional groups typically composed most classical liberals?
a)
Professionals, writers, or academics.
b)
Landowning nobility or factory owners.
c)
Unskilled factory workers or subsistence farmers.
d)
Military commanders or high-ranking church officials.
e)
Hereditary monarchs or court advisors.
87.
What change did classical liberals pursue in Britain?
a)
Changes in Parliament to reflect changing population patterns so that new industrial cities would have equal parliamentary representation.
b)
A complete overthrow of the monarchy.
c)
The re-establishment of the Catholic Church as the state religion.
d)
The abolition of all forms of democratic representation.
e)
A reduction in the size of the British Empire.
88.
What was the effect of the Reform Bills of 1832, 1867, and 1884, which classical liberals backed?
a)
All of which broadened male suffrage.
b)
All of which restricted male suffrage.
c)
All of which established universal suffrage.
d)
All of which abolished the House of Lords.
e)
All of which nationalized major industries.
89.
FeminismWhat emergence did this period witness, and what was it based on?
a)
The emergence of the movement for women's rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas.
b)
The emergence of a movement to return women to purely domestic roles.
c)
The emergence of a political movement to establish a queen in every country.
d)
The emergence of a philosophy that denied women any rights.
e)
The emergence of a movement to segregate the sexes entirely.
90.
Who fought for women's rights and equality in France in the era of the French Revolution?
a)
The French writer Olympe de Gouges.
b)
Catherine the Great.
c)
Mary Wollstonecraft.
d)
Lucretia Mott.
e)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
91.
What pioneering document had France adopted in 1789, and what did de Gouges publish in response in 1791?
a)
The "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the (Male) Citizen"; a "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the (Female) Citizen" to point out that women's rights had not been addressed.
b)
The English Bill of Rights; a critique arguing for absolute monarchy.
c)
The U.S. Constitution; a proposal for a purely socialist state.
d)
The Magna Carta; a document arguing for the divine right of kings.
e)
The Social Contract; a treatise arguing for a state of nature.
92.
What work did the pioneering writer Mary Wollstonecraft publish in England in 1792?
a)
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
b)
Common Sense.
c)
The Wealth of Nations.
d)
Leviathan.
e)
Candide.
93.
What was Wollstonecraft's main argument concerning female education?
a)
She argued that females should receive the same education as males.
b)
She argued that women only needed domestic education.
c)
She argued that education was unnecessary for all people.
d)
She argued that only men should receive an education.
e)
She argued that the church should control all female education.
94.
What did Wollstonecraft argue universal education would prepare women to do?
a)
Participate in political and professional society, enabling them to support themselves rather than relying on men.
b)
Focus exclusively on child-rearing and household duties.
c)
Become the absolute rulers of their nations.
d)
Reject all forms of political engagement.
e)
Work only in manual labor trades.
95.
What was Wollstonecraft's ultimate goal for women?
a)
To gain the same rights and abilities as men through the application of reason.
b)
To establish a female-only society independent of men.
c)
To restore the traditional power of the aristocracy.
d)
To abolish all educational institutions.
e)
To return women to a state of complete dependence on men.
96.
When did women win the full right to vote in England?
a)
1928
b)
1792
c)
1848
d)
1950
e)
2000
97.
What event took place in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848?
a)
Activists gathered to promote women's rights and suffrage (the ability to vote).
b)
The largest anti-slavery rally in US history.
c)
A major economic summit on free trade.
d)
A meeting to establish a new political party.
e)
A religious revival led by prominent preachers.
98.
What did organizers Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton declare in the convention's "Declaration of Sentiments"?
a)
"All men and women are created equal."
b)
"Men are naturally superior to women."
c)
"The government is a necessary evil."
d)
"Property rights are the only rights that matter."
e)
"Women must submit to the rule of men."
99.
What rights did the organizers demand for women?
a)
The right to vote and hold office, hold property and manage their own incomes, and be the legal guardians of their children.
b)
The right to be exempt from all taxes.
c)
The right to exclusively run the domestic sphere.
d)
The right to join the military and serve as officers.
e)
The right to establish an independent state for women.
100.
What is the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention?
a)
It was a landmark in the history of the women's rights movement.
b)
It led to the immediate passage of women's suffrage.
c)
It was a minor event with no lasting impact.
d)
It caused the total collapse of the existing political system.
e)
It resulted in a declaration banning all political organizations.
101.
AbolitionismWhat reform movements did the drive for rights and equality extend to?
a)
The freeing of slaves and the end of serfdom.
b)
The establishment of an absolute world government.
c)
The total elimination of private property.
d)
The re-establishment of the Holy Roman Empire.
e)
The mandatory conversion of all people to a single religion.
102.
What is abolitionism, and when did it gain followers?
a)
The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people, which gained followers in the 18th century.
b)
The movement to establish new colonies in Africa, gaining followers in the 19th century.
c)
The movement to restrict voting rights to landowners, gaining followers in the 17th century.
d)
The movement to restore the power of monarchs, gaining followers in the 20th century.
e)
The movement to increase global trade in slaves, gaining followers in the 18th century.
103.
Which two forms of abolition were banned earlier than the other?
a)
Slave trading was banned earlier than slavery itself.
b)
Serfdom was banned earlier than slavery.
c)
Slavery was banned earlier than slave trading.
d)
Child labor was banned earlier than all others.
e)
The institution of monarchy was banned earlier than slavery.
104.
Which three countries were the first to ban the slave trade, and in what years?
a)
Denmark in 1803, Great Britain in 1807, and the United States in 1808.
b)
France in 1789, Haiti in 1804, and Russia in 1861.
c)
Spain in 1850, Portugal in 1860, and Brazil in 1888.
d)
Germany in 1871, Italy in 1861, and China in 1900.
e)
Sweden in 1750, Austria in 1800, and Turkey in 1920.
105.
Why did the slave system in most countries depend on a steady supply of new enslaved people?
a)
In order to function.
b)
Because the enslaved population was rapidly increasing naturally.
c)
Because new enslaved people were necessary to teach the existing ones.
d)
Because the system relied on the ritual sacrifice of existing enslaved people.
e)
Because they were constantly being sold to other continents.
106.
What began to decline as soon as the slave trade stopped?
a)
Slavery began to decline.
b)
Abolitionism began to decline.
c)
Economic prosperity began to decline.
d)
Birth rates began to decline.
e)
Agricultural output began to decline.
107.
How long after the end of the slave trade was slavery abolished in most parts of the Americas?
a)
Within 30 years.
b)
Within 5 years.
c)
Within 100 years.
d)
Within 1 year.
e)
It was never abolished in most parts.
108.
What was unique about the United States regarding the number of slaves after the importation of slaves was legally ended?
a)
The United States was the rare country where the number of slaves increased.
b)
The number of slaves decreased to zero immediately.
c)
The number of slaves remained static.
d)
The enslaved population was exported to Africa.
e)
The enslaved population was granted full citizenship immediately.
109.
Which country was the last in the Americas to end slavery, and in what year?
a)
Brazil, in 1888.
b)
The United States, in 1865.
c)
Haiti, in 1804.
d)
Canada, in 1834.
e)
Cuba, in 1886.
110.
The End of SerfdomWhy had Serfdom in Europe been declining?
a)
As the economy changed from agrarian to industrial.
b)
Due to a series of devastating military defeats.
c)
Because religious leaders demanded its end.
d)
Due to a complete collapse of all governments.
e)
Because all European peasants migrated to the Americas.
111.
What social pressure pushed leaders toward reform regarding serfdom?
a)
Peasant revolts.
b)
Noble petitions.
c)
Royal decrees.
d)
Merchant lobbying.
e)
Foreign invasion.
112.
Which monarch and government abolished serfdom and all feudal rights, and in what years?
a)
Queen Elizabeth I in 1574, and the French government in 1789.
b)
King Louis XIV in 1648, and the British Parliament in 1800.
c)
Emperor Napoleon in 1804, and the German government in 1871.
d)
Tsar Peter the Great in 1700, and the Spanish Monarchy in 1812.
e)
King Henry VIII in 1534, and the Ottoman Empire in 1922.
113.
Who abolished serfdom in Russia, in what year, and what was the significance of this act?
a)
Alexander II in 1861; it was the largest single emancipation of people in bondage in human history (23 million serfs).
b)
Catherine the Great in 1762; it was a small, localized emancipation.
c)
Nicholas II in 1917; it was a consequence of the communist revolution.
d)
Peter the Great in 1700; it was a minor reform affecting only a few people.
e)
Ivan the Terrible in 1550; it led to an increase in forced labor.
114.
ZionismWhat new "ism" emerged in the late 19th century, and what was it?
a)
Zionism-the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.
b)
Fascism-the desire for a totalitarian, nationalist state.
c)
Secularism-the desire to separate church and state.
d)
Universalism-the desire for a single global religion.
e)
Regionalism-the desire for small, isolated communities.
115.
What factors led many European Jews to conclude that living in peace and security was not a realistic hope?
a)
Centuries of battling anti-Semitism (hostility toward Jews) and pogroms (violent attacks against Jewish communities).
b)
A series of natural disasters that only affected Jewish communities.
c)
A lack of economic opportunity in non-Jewish professions.
d)
A religious calling to return to a nomadic lifestyle.
e)
A sudden global collapse of all governments.
116.
Who was the Austro-Hungarian Jew that led the Zionist movement?
a)
Theodor Herzl.
b)
Alfred Dreyfus.
c)
Karl Marx.
d)
Adam Smith.
e)
Voltaire.
117.
After what scandal in France did support for Zionism increase?
a)
The Dreyfus Affair.
b)
The French Revolution.
c)
The Franco-Prussian War.
d)
The Stavisky Affair.
e)
The Panama Scandal.
118.
What were the circumstances and ultimate outcome of the conviction of Alfred Dreyfus?
a)
He was convicted of treason based on forged documents by people promoting anti-Semitism and was ultimately pardoned after time in prison.
b)
He was justly convicted of treason and executed immediately.
c)
He was acquitted and became a high-ranking military official.
d)
He was never charged but faced public slander.
e)
He was convicted, but the trial had no connection to anti-Semitism.
119.
What did the Dreyfus case illustrate, even in a country like France where Jews seemed least oppressed?
a)
How widespread anti-Semitism was.
b)
The universal acceptance of Jews in the military.
c)
The complete absence of prejudice in the government.
d)
The strength of the French legal system.
e)
The decline of nationalist sentiment.
120.
What three obstacles did Zionists face in establishing their desired homeland?
a)
The land was controlled by the Ottoman Empire, Palestinian Arabs were already living in the region, and both Ottomans and Palestinians were predominantly Muslim, adding a religious aspect.
b)
The lack of a unified leader for the movement.
c)
The absence of any Jewish people willing to emigrate.
d)
The opposition of all major world powers.
e)
The lack of a historical connection to the land.
121.
When was the modern country of Israel founded, which marked the peak of the Zionist movement's strength?
a)
1948
b)
1894
c)
1861
d)
1900
e)
1928
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