A person smells cookies, and their brain receives the message. Which type of neuron carried this information to the CNS?

A neurology report shows that a neuron cannot properly receive incoming signals from nearby neurons. The issue is occurring at the part of the neuron that usually receives messages first. Which structure is likely damaged?

A muscle does not contract even though a neuron is firing normally. Doctors discover that the neuron cannot release neurotransmitters to the muscle fiber. Which part of the neuron is malfunctioning?

A patient suffers a cut on their finger and feels the pain almost instantly. The nerve carrying this signal sends impulses rapidly due to the insulation around the axon. Which structure is responsible for this increased speed?

A patient has a disorder that affects the neuron's ability to maintain its metabolism and keep the neuron alive. MRI results show damage in the neuron's main control center. What part is affected?

A patient’s MRI shows inflammation after an infection. Small cells that act like immune defenders are activated in the brain. Which glial cell is doing this job?

A neuroscientist observes cells lining the ventricles of the brain helping circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Which neuroglial cells are responsible?

A stroke patient has trouble maintaining the blood-brain barrier. Which neuroglial cells have been damaged?

A researcher notices a cell in the CNS wrapping around axons to form a myelin sheath. What type of neuroglial cell is she observing?

During an action potential, the neuron suddenly becomes positive on the inside as Na⁺ floods into the cell. What phase is happening?

A patient's medication blocks voltage-gated K⁺ channels. What will the neuron have trouble doing?

A neuron overshoots while returning to the resting state and briefly becomes more negative than –70 mV. What is this phase?

A stimulus causes the inside of the neuron to become less negative, moving from –70 mV to –55 mV. Once it hits –55 mV, an action potential begins. What is –55 mV called?

A doctor tests a patient’s reflex by tapping their knee. The leg kicks outward. Which pathway caused the leg muscles to contract?

When two neurons communicate, chemicals cross a small gap between them. What is this gap called?

A person’s neurons communicate using chemicals that cross a tiny space between them. Which step correctly describes chemical synapse transmission?

A patient with Parkinson’s disease shows low levels of a neurotransmitter involved in movement and reward. Which neurotransmitter is affected?

During a stressful moment, a student feels their heart race as “fight-or-flight” activates. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible?

A woman struggles to sleep, and her doctor explains that a certain neurotransmitter helps regulate mood and sleep cycles. Which one is being discussed?

A student’s memory and learning ability decline due to decreased levels of a neurotransmitter used heavily in the hippocampus. Which neurotransmitter is likely reduced?

A person drinks alcohol and becomes relaxed because it enhances an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Which neurotransmitter is strengthened by alcohol?

A doctor explains that the injury is in the CNS. Which structures belong to the CNS?

Students learn that the brain is called the body's:

A student sees under the microscope a region full of neuron cell bodies. This is:

A neurologist explains that brain folds increase thinking space. These folds are:

A neurologist points out the structure that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, allowing them to communicate. What is this structure?

A football player injures the largest part of his brain used for thinking and movement. Which part?

A patient can feel touch but struggles with movement. Which area is damaged?

A person struggles with emotions and memory after a crash. Which system is damaged?

A person cannot recognize objects by touch or position, but can see them clearly. Which lobe is responsible for this sensory processing?

A patient suffers damage to the side of their head and now has trouble understanding language and memory recall. Which lobe is affected?

A person hits the back of their head and now has vision problems. Which lobe is affected?

A woman has trouble making decisions and solving problems. Which area is affected?

During a neurological exam, a patient shows impaired body functions. Which brainstem component primarily assists in relaying signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum?

A patient has a midbrain injury and shows difficulty with visual and auditory reflexes. Which part of the brainstem is damaged?

A patient's vital signs are unstable, but they have trouble swallowing and coughing. Which part of the brainstem controls these functions?

A patient can speak fluently but their sentences don’t make sense, and they have trouble understanding spoken language. Which area of the brain is likely damaged?

A stroke patient understands language perfectly but struggles to form words and speak clearly. Which brain region is affected?

A student has trouble planning their day, making decisions, and predicting consequences after a traumatic brain injury. Which brain region is most likely damaged?

A person has trouble sorting sensory input and directing it to the correct cortical area. Which part of the diencephalon is responsible for this?

A patient experiences disrupted sleep-wake cycles due to a problem with melatonin secretion. Which diencephalon structure is likely involved?

A neurologist explains that a patient cannot maintain homeostasis due to damage affecting heart rate, blood pressure, and hormone release. Which diencephalon structure is damaged?

A patient has damage to a nerve that controls the voluntary movement of skeletal muscles. Which division of the PNS is affected?

A patient's heart rate and digestive activity are irregular after a spinal cord injury. Which division of the PNS controls these involuntary functions?

A person is startled, and their heart rate increases while breathing becomes faster. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible?

After a deep breath and relaxation exercise, a person's heart rate slows and digestion improves. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible?

A neurologist explains that the PNS includes 12 pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain. What are these called?

Which of the following cranial nerves have both sensory and motor (mixed) functions?

Nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and connect the CNS to specific regions of the body are called: