Partial amino acid sequences for a particular protein in three animal species are shown below. Each letter in the sequence stands for an amino acid. For example, Q stands for glutamine, and L stands for leucine. Species Amino Acid Sequence Green junglefowl (bird) QHEPHERKRM Nile crocodile (reptile) SHDPAQQKRL Domestic chicken (bird) QHEPHKRKRM Which of the following statements best explains how these sequence data are evidence for evolution?

Based on the information in the table, which of the following changes is least likely to produce a phenotypic change in an organism?

An RNA sequence is shown below. AUGCCGAAAACGU Which of the following statements describes how the RNA sequence specifies the production of an amino acid chain?

Which of the following describes the function of DNA?

Based on the data in the table, which two species are most closely related?

Which of the following are three forms of scientific evidence that could be used to study the relatedness of four animal species?

What is the likely effect of a mutation that causes the sequence CGC to become CGG?

A strand of DNA has these bases: AGC CAT GTA TAC. What is the complementary DNA strand?

A segment of DNA has this sequence: ATA GCA CAT GTA. What is the mRNA sequence transcribed from this segment?

Which amino acids are coded for by an mRNA segment that reads CAG GUG?

How does DNA code for proteins in a cell?

Which factor most affects the order of amino acids in a protein?

Which nitrogen base makes RNA different from DNA?

Which base bonds with adenine in DNA?

The first step in the process of DNA replication as shown in the diagram is:

Which nucleotides pair together in the DNA molecule?

Fill in the blank: The result of DNA replication is _______.

During DNA replication, nucleotides are attached to the original strands to form new DNA molecules.

A partial DNA sequence for normal hemoglobin and a partial DNA sequence for sickle-cell anemia are shown below. G-G-A-C-T-T-C-T-T Normal hemoglobin G-G-A-C-A-T-C-T-T Sickle-cell anemia Based on the DNA sequences, sickle-cell anemia is caused by

Which of these provides the best evidence of a close evolutionary relationship between two species?

Portions of the DNA sequences from two different animal species are shown below. The DNA sequences of the two species are similar. Based on the similarity in the DNA sequences, which is most likely true?

The discovery of which of the following has most directly led to advances in the identification of suspects in criminal investigations and in the identification of genetic diseases?

Which of the following is the template for the production of RNA within a cell?

Which sequence of DNA bases would pair with the ones shown in the partial strand below?

What molecules do both DNA and RNA contain?

The genetic material of an organism is composed of

Which of the following best describes how DNA and RNA are similar?

The diagram below shows Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray diffraction image of DNA. How did this evidence affect the work of Watson and Crick?

Which information was most important to the development of genetic engineering techniques?

A strand of mRNA containing the repeating sequence AAGAAGAAGAAG could code for which of the following amino acid sequences?

The above sequence of DNA is part of a gene. How many amino acids are coded for by this segment?

A scientist puts nucleotide chains of UUUUUU in a test tube under conditions allowing protein synthesis. Soon the test tube is full of polypeptide chains composed of only the amino acid phenylalanine. What does this experiment indicate?

Which of the following base pair sequences could be produced in DNA replication?

A base sequence is shown below. ACAGTGC How would the base sequence be coded on mRNA?

Semi-conservative replication of DNA refers to the idea that

The diagram below shows the procedure scientists used to clone a frog from the nucleus of a skin cell. This procedure is evidence that ________.

What is the relationship between the three structures in the diagram above?

Which statement about DNA is correct?

The table shows which mRNA codons code for various amino acids. Which amino acid sequence will be produced by translation of the mRNA sequence UAC UCU ACC?

Which statement about DNA is correct?

DNA contains the code for constructing which molecules?

The diagram below shows the chromosomes from a cell after they were photographed under a microscope. Which of the following questions may best be answered by studying an organism's chromosomes?

Which of the following best describes the number of chromosomes in a normal human liver cell?

Genetic information usually flows in one specific direction. Which of the following best represents this flow?

DNA and RNA are similar because they both contain

What process does this diagram represent?

Why is the particular sequence of bases in a segment of DNA important to cells?

Which of the following statements best describes a DNA molecule?

Which of the following units are repeatedly joined together to form a strand of DNA?

In a molecule of double-stranded DNA, the amount of adenine present is always equal to the amount of

Which of the following models most accurately represents the structure of DNA?

Look at the illustration below. This illustration is a model of

DNA from four organisms was examined using gel electrophoresis. According to the data, which of these pairs of organisms are most closely related?

What do the G and A represent in the DNA sequence?

How many nucleotides are needed to code for one amino acid?

Which RNA sequence is produced using the DNA sequence AGC-TAC-ACT?

Which of these are the repeating units that form a DNA molecule?

Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells. The DNA code for hemoglobin contains the following segment: TGC-GGA-CTC-CTC. Which of these is the messenger RNA code for this segment of DNA?

According to the diagram, in which step is messenger RNA being constructed?

Which step involves transfer RNA?

Which step involves ribosomes?

A researcher recently discovered a species of bacteria. DNA sequences were obtained from it and from several other species of bacteria. The DNA sequences came from the same part of the bacterial chromosome of each species. DNA Sequence Unknown Species: ACT GCA GCC Species I: ACA GCG CCG Species II: ACT GCT GGC Species III: ACA GCC GGG Species IV: ACT GCA GCG According to the data above, the unknown bacteria are most closely related to which species?

Which of the following is correctly matched with its function?

Scientists can insert and remove nucleotides from a DNA strand. Which of these identifies this process?

Which of these represents the structure of messenger RNA?

A strand of DNA has a nucleotide base sequence of TAC-CGG-AGT. Which of the following is the complementary mRNA nucleotide sequence produced from the strand of DNA?

A cellular process uses a strand of genetic material to produce a new strand. Parts of the strands are shown below. Original strand ATT CAG New strand UAA GUC This new strand will most likely be used for

The genetic information for making a protein must move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of these moves this information to the cytoplasm?

Which of these is a nucleotide?

Which of these is a sugar?

The nucleotide base sequence of a strand of DNA is TAC-CCG-AGT. What is the sequence of the complementary DNA strand?

Which of these make up the primary link between a gene and the expression of a trait?

Scientists have determined the sequence of most of the human genome. Which of these fields of science will probably benefit the most from this knowledge?

Which was most likely introduced into corn that made it pest-resistant?

Both DNA and RNA

Based on this information, which two species are most closely related?

What does DNA sequencing most help taxonomists learn about an organism?

Which statement best describes a gene?

The diagram below explains why offspring are more similar to their parents than to other organisms, even though all organisms are made of the same basic substances. Which statement is the best information to include in the third box in the diagram?

Which trait will the offspring get from the parent beaver?

A strand of DNA is exposed to intense heat. Which of these best describes what will happen to the strand of DNA?

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA?

Which of these best describes the initial change caused by a DNA mutation?

Which of these shows the steps by which proteins are coded and synthesized?

The chromosome structure in a cell accounts for genetic variation based on the order of its

Which of the following is related to a chromosome in a way similar to how a bone is related to a skeleton?

Scientists can genetically alter corn so that it makes a protein that will harm a certain caterpillar that feeds on it. Which of the following is an advantage of producing this type of corn?

What would the mRNA complement of the above DNA strand be?

In what part of DNA is genetic information located?

Watson and Crick’s model of DNA resembles—

What structures carry the most genetic information for a leaf cell?

One way RNA is different from DNA is that RNA contains—

What is photographed to create a karyotype?

Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between the parts of genetic materials?

Which of the following represents a tRNA complement to the codons above?

Which of the following best describes the order of events that leads to genetic expression?

What is the region on the chromosome shown above marked by the letter 'Q'?

Which of these models best represents a DNA molecule?

DNA that has been cut by enzymes can separate into segments of different lengths during the process of—

The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants, and a portion of its DNA is inserted into the plant’s chromosomes. This causes the plant to produce gall cells, which manufacture amino acids that the bacterium uses as food. This process is a natural example of

Genetic engineering has produced goats whose milk contains proteins that can be used as medicines. This effect was produced by

Mutations within a DNA sequence are

A substitution of thymine with adenine in one DNA codon causes a particular disorder. Which statement explains how the change in DNA leads to this disorder?

A rare genetic condition causes dwarfism and immunodeficiencies. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?

Which of the following best describes the result of a mutation in an organism's DNA?

In phenylketonuria (PKU), an enzyme that converts one amino acid into another does not work properly. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this genetic condition?

The box below contains a statement about mutations. In many cases throughout geologic history, if mutations in the genetic material of existing species had not occurred, new species would not have appeared. Which of the following conclusions about mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene is most consistent with the statement?

A hereditary muscular disease in horses causes abnormal opening and closing of the sodium ion channels in the muscle cells. Which of the following statements describes the most likely origin of this disease?

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a hereditary disease that destroys brain cells. In individuals with HD, the functioning of a specific protein is altered, and this leads to the disease’s effects. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the altered protein function in individuals with HD?

During DNA replication, the wrong nucleotide was inserted in the DNA sequence. Which of the following terms describes this situation?

Crossing-over most commonly results in

What technology was made possible by the discovery of the structure of DNA?

Scientists have altered crop plants to make them more resistant to insects and disease. Which of these processes makes it possible for scientists to alter plants?

Which of these is an environmental factor that causes damage to chromosomes?

Which of these describes a mutation that can be inherited?

Which of these results when one nitrogen base replaces another in a segment of genetic material?

A rare disorder is caused by changes in a gene. Parents of individuals with the disorder have only normal copies of this gene. Which of these most likely causes this disorder?

Certain plant crops are genetically engineered to grow faster and resist disease. These genetically engineered plant crops cannot reproduce because they have a “terminator” gene that keeps their seeds from sprouting. However, once the genetically engineered plant crops are planted outside, they may cross-pollinate with unaltered plant crops. The use of terminator genes is least likely to result in

In the laboratory, scientists remove the gene for insulin from human chromosomes. They insert the gene into the DNA of bacteria. This causes the bacteria to produce human insulin. The insulin is used to treat diabetes in humans. Which of these describes this process?

Two segments of DNA are shown in the diagram below. Normal thymine (T) is found in the old strand. It is replaced by an abnormal molecule (T*) in the new strand. The abnormal molecule (T*) binds to guanine (G) instead of binding to adenine (A). This is an example of

Most bacteria do not have the ability to break down oil that is accidentally spilled into the ocean by tankers. However, scientists can insert a gene into the DNA of a bacterium to give it the ability to break down the oil. This technology is an example of

When the segment of human DNA that codes for insulin production is inserted into bacterial DNA, the bacterium begins producing human insulin. Which of these best identifies the process by which human DNA is inserted into bacterial DNA?

Scientists can genetically alter corn so that it makes a protein that will harm a certain caterpillar that feeds on it. Which of the following is an advantage of producing this type of corn?

Risks of having genetic mutations are increased with excessive exposure to—

Red blood cells contain the protein hemoglobin which aids in transportation of the respiratory gases. Most humans have a form of hemoglobin called hemoglobin A. Individuals with sickle cell anemia have a very similar form called hemoglobin S. This hemoglobin is slightly changed in shape and has a reduced ability to transport oxygen. It is the presence of hemoglobin S that results in the signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia. Which of the following is the expected cause of the production of hemoglobin S?

A botanist inserts a new gene sequence into a pink-flowering plant. He hopes that the genetically modified plant will now produce blue flowers. In nature, which of the following processes would result in this kind of change?

Which of the following chromosome pairs contain the above chromosomes after crossing over is complete?

The table shows a mutation in a DNA sequence. Original Sequence: GCA TAGT GCT ATA GCG ACT Mutated Sequence: GCA TTC CTA TAG CGA CT What is the result of this mutation during the translation process?

Which genetic abnormality can be identified through karyotyping?

Which would best allow a species to survive environmental changes?

Which would most likely produce a mutation that is passed on to offspring?

Which will most likely cause variations to occur within a species?

Instead of using chemicals to destroy some insects, scientists are now able to produce a type of corn that will repel insects. How are scientists able to produce this type of corn?

Which will most likely cause a gene to mutate?

A mutation occurs in the genes that code for coat color in deer. Which change will most likely result from this mutation?

This chart shows a list of messenger RNA codons. A strand of DNA with the sequence AAC AAG CCC undergoes a mutation, and the first A is changed to a C. How will this mutation affect the amino acid sequence?

Which of these would most likely cause a mutation?

One human disease is caused by a change in one codon in a gene from GAA to GUA. This disease is the result of

This segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which three nucleotides have been deleted. A repair enzyme would replace them with

Radon is a radioactive gas that is sometimes present in homes. If radon is inhaled, its decay products are deposited in the lungs. Radioactive particles can penetrate cells and cause changes to the cells' DNA. These changes in DNA are an example of which of the following?

People who inherit hemophilia type A are unable to make a protein required to clot blood. This disorder is directly related to which of the following?

What is the mode of inheritance shown in the pedigree?

The pedigree below shows the transmission of a disorder within a family. Which statement describes the offspring that would result if individual 1 has children with a woman that does not carry the allele for this disorder?

One of the dogs has progressive retinal atrophy, a condition that damages the retina. What are the genotypes of dog 1 and dog 2?

What is the genotype of individual 6?

How would overexposure to X-rays affect most animal cells?

A genetic mutation resulted in a change in the sequence of amino acids of a protein, but the function of the protein was not changed. Which statement best describes the genetic mutation?

Which stage in the diagram shows the separation of the original DNA molecule into two complementary strands?

Fill in the blank: The letters __, __, __, and __ represent the four nucleotides in DNA.

After DNA replication, the result is two complete DNA molecules.

A partial DNA sequence for normal hemoglobin and a partial DNA sequence for sickle-cell anemia are shown below. G-G-A-C-T-T-C-T-T Normal hemoglobin G-G-A-C-A-T-C-T-T Sickle-cell anemia Based on the DNA sequences, sickle-cell anemia is caused by

The chromosome numbered 1 through 22 are known as

The preparation of these charts for individuals A and B is known as

Which genetic disorder in individual A is indicated by the number of chromosomes labeled 21?

A change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA may result in

A change that alters the base sequence in an organism's DNA is called a

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome number 21 in the body cells of humans. This extra chromosome most likely is a result of

Select the technique, chosen from the list below, that is best described by the statement shown. This technique involves the use of a photograph to study the homologous pairs of chromosomes of an individual in order to detect genetic disorders.

Certain genetic disorders can be detected by preparing and studying an enlarged photograph of paired chromosomes from a cell. The preparation of this photograph is known as

The diagram shown represents a photographic enlargement of replicated chromosomes from a fetal cell. For which technique would this photograph be used to determine if the chromosomes of the fetus exhibit any genetic abnormalities?

Down syndrome in humans may result from

X rays, formaldehyde and asbestos fibers are all similar in that they are

The preparation of an enlarged photograph showing paired homologous chromosomes is known as

An analysis of chromosomes may show the loss of a portion of a chromosome. This type of chromosomal change is known as

The use of chemicals such as formaldehyde and asbestos has decreased because they have been

Select the term, chosen from the list below, that is best described by the statement shown. A photograph of paired human chromosomes is prepared.

Which genetic disorder is usually detected by analyzing a karyotype?

Select the genetic technique, chosen from the list below, that is best described by the statement shown. Enlarged photographs of homologous chromosomes are prepared for examination to detect chromosomal defects.

The diagram represents a

The chromosomes are arranged to show

The individual from whom these chromosomes were taken is a

This chromosomal arrangement indicates that the individual has

Substances that increase the chance of gene alterations are known as

In humans, Down syndrome is often a result of the

Which phrase best describes a human with the chromosomes represented in the diagram shown?

The technique known as karyotyping is used to detect abnormalities in

The addition, removal, or substitution of nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule may be caused by

Mutations can be transmitted to the next generation only if they are present in

A karyotype is shown in the diagram. Information in this karyotype indicates that the individual is a

Genetic information is shown in the diagram. This type of diagram is used to

The arrangement of chromosomes shown in the diagram is known as

Examination of the diagram indicates that these are the chromosomes of a

The genetic disorder shown in the diagram most likely resulted from

Which technique was used to organize the chromosomes as shown in the diagram?

For each phrase in the following question(s), select the genetic disorder that is most closely associated with that phrase. Changes in speech patterns and mental retardation due to the presence of an extra chromosome

A single change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule would most likely result in

The chromosomes of a person with a genetic disorder are shown in the diagram below. This genetic disorder resulted from

Why is artificial insemination used in breeding cattle?

Genetic engineering in corn allows genes from bacteria to be added to the genetic material of corn. In traditional breeding, genes of only closely related types of corn can be exchanged. What is one risk of genetically engineering corn plants?

Which of these is best demonstrated by the experiment above?

The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants, and a portion of its DNA is inserted into the plant’s chromosomes. This causes the plant to produce gall cells, which manufacture amino acids that the bacterium uses as food. This process is a natural example of:

Genetic engineering has produced goats whose milk contains proteins that can be used as medicines. This effect was produced by:

Two farmers plant different varieties of corn on neighboring farms. Farmer A plants genetically modified corn. Farmer B plants a non-modified variety of corn. What would be farmer B’s primary concern if she plans to gather seed for next year’s crop?

DNA from four organisms was examined using gel electrophoresis. The results are shown in the diagram below. According to the data, which of these pairs of organisms are most closely related?

Scientists create “transgenic” organisms when they transfer genes from one organism to a different kind of organism. Many people marvel at this technology, while others are concerned about its consequences and its effects on society. Which of these is not a realistic concern about the formation of “transgenic” organisms?

What technology was made possible by the discovery of the structure of DNA?

Which of these is not a use for DNA fingerprinting?

Certain plant crops are genetically engineered to grow faster and resist disease. These genetically engineered plant crops cannot reproduce because they have a “terminator” gene that keeps their seeds from sprouting. However, once the genetically engineered plant crops are planted outside, they may cross-pollinate with unaltered plant crops. The use of terminator genes is least likely to result in

A scientist cloned a goat. Which of these is a true statement about the cloned goat?

Scientists have determined the sequence of most of the human genome. Which of these fields of science will probably benefit the most from this knowledge?

Which was most likely introduced into corn that made it pest-resistant?

When the segment of human DNA that codes for insulin production is inserted into bacterial DNA, the bacterium begins producing human insulin. Which of these best identifies the process by which human DNA is inserted into bacterial DNA?

Certain disorders, such as sickle cell anemia, are linked to specific genes. Some scientists would like to use gene therapy to cure such disorders. Gene therapy involves replacing the nonworking cells with cells that have been genetically altered. Which of these is a logical argument against gene therapy?

Which of these is an example of selective breeding?

Sean is studying the advantages of selective breeding in plants. He made the following list of possible advantages: 1) Can produce corn that attracts grasshoppers 2) Can develop grass that can grow with less water 3) Can develop wheat that can grow in different types of soil 4) Can produce oranges that are not affected by freezing temperatures Which items on the list provide logical arguments in favor of selective breeding?

Scientists want to create citrus trees that are tolerant of cold weather. Currently, if the fruit from a citrus tree has not been picked and a freeze occurs, the fruit is damaged and cannot be sold. The scientists are studying how to alter the tree’s cells so that they are not damaged by the freezing temperatures.

Scientists at a research center are studying plants that have a natural resistance to insects. Which of these is a logical justification for continuing this research?

Scientists found an organism that can live without water for long periods of time. The scientists made copies of its DNA, then injected this new DNA into corn.

A bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), makes a toxin that destroys the larvae of insects that threaten corn crops. Scientists engineered corn plants, known as Bt-corn. Bt-corn can make a toxin to destroy the larvae that eat the corn.

Which activity is an example of selective breeding?

A single isolated gene can be cloned most rapidly using genetically engineered—

The diagram below represents DNA fingerprints which are the result of gel electrophoresis done on several DNA samples found at a crime scene. Which suspect is linked to the crime scene by this DNA analysis?

As scientists have developed more productive crop varieties, farmers have switched from growing many traditional varieties to new high-yield varieties. For example, in India, the 10,000 varieties of rice once grown have been reduced to 10 major ones for most of the rice crop. Besides the varieties of rice being reduced, what else is reduced by this practice?

This diagram represents samples of DNA that were cut with a restriction enzyme during DNA fingerprinting in a crime lab. Which technique was used to produce these bands?

Which is the best way to determine if two people are genetically related?

Use the circle graphs below to answer the question. Changes in Allele Frequency Over Time The graphs illustrate change in a lizard population over time. Which process most likely led to the change in the lizard population?

The diagram below shows the procedure scientists used to clone a frog from the nucleus of a skin cell. The tadpole produced by the cloning process will be genetically ________.