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WorksheetsContent Section Worksheet Questions
Total questions: 101
Worksheet time: 51mins
Which of the following best describes empathy?
The ability to balance fear, anxiety, and anger
The ability to remain optimistic and continue to strive when facing setbacks
The ability to understand how others feel
The ability to get along with others
The ability to establish positive relationships
What is the correct term for one's belief that their behavior has an effect on what happens to them?
Self-efficacy
Authoritarianism
Self-esteem
Locus of control
Risk propensity
Which of the following is based on the knowledge a person presumes to have about perceptions of truth and reality?
Affect
Intention
Attitude
Personality
Cognition
Which of the following is used to guide a person's behavior?
Affect
Intention
Attitude
Personality
Cognition
What is the result of a person behaving in a way that is inconsistent with their attitudes?
Affect
Lapsed morale
Increased satisfaction
Cognitive dissonance
Impairment
What is the outcome when employees have positive attitudes towards their jobs?
Increased cognitive dissonance
Decreased morale
Stronger intention
Limited commitment
Increased job satisfaction
When an employee sees themselves as a member of the team and can easily identify with the organization's mission, what is the result?
Organizational commitment
Psychological contracts
Cognitive dissonance
Intention
Cognition
Which term, similar to emotions, identifies a person's feelings about something?
Affect
Intention
Cognitive dissonance
Cognition
Morale
How willing a person is to take chances in their decision process indicates a person's
Self-esteem
Locus of control
Risk propensity
Self-efficacy
Cognitive dissonance
Those employees who like to experiment with new ideas or gamble on the development of new products are considered to have a higher degree of
self-esteem
intrinsic reward need
authoritarianism
propensity for risk
cognition
If an employee feels they have the skills and ability needed to perform a task well, they are better able to focus their attention on performance because of their high degree of
self-esteem
locus of control
risk propensity
self-efficacy
cognitive dissonance
Research suggests that the major personality dimension that exists in a variety of countries, and is therefore reasonably important across cultures is
attitude
cognition
intention
commitment
self-esteem
Balancing anxiety, fear, and anger so they do not overly interfere with getting things accomplished is part of emotional intelligence.
True
False
According to research, emotional intelligence cannot be developed or learned.
True
False
Personality includes personal attributes that vary from one person to another.
True
False
Affect is one of the three components of attitude.
True
False
A person's focus is a belief about their extent of power and status within the organization.
True
False
Which traits are included in the "Big Five" personality traits? Select all that apply.
agreeableness
conscientiousness
emotionality
extraversion
openness
Which outcomes are more likely for a person with high self-esteem at work? Select all that apply.
Seeking higher-status jobs
Being less confident about their ability
Deriving greater intrinsic satisfaction from accomplishments
Focusing more on extrinsic rewards such as paychecks and promotions
Achieving higher levels of performance
Which of the following identifies what the organization will provide the employee and what the employee will contribute to the organization in turn?
Person–job fit
Psychological contract
Inducements
Contributions
Motivation contract
How can an organization fulfill their organization's contract obligations to employees?
Contributions
Psychological contracts
Inducements
Intention
Cognition
Which of the following aspects of the psychological contract is provided by the organization?
Competency
Effort
Time
Career opportunities
Talent
Which of the following aspects of the psychological contract is provided by the employee?
Benefits
Pay
Skills
Security
Status
Because job permanence is less likely in today's economy, which of the following are some companies offering in order to keep the psychological contract in balance?
Additional promotions
Increased loyalty inducements
Fewer training opportunities
Flexible scheduling
More negotiated benefits
What is the term for the extent to which a person's contributions and the organization's inducements match?
Employee equity
Person–job fit
Psychological contract
Time–motion study
Team culture
If an employee needs to feel that she is a part of a team and yet her position involves working alone, which of the following may NOT be right?
The pay scale
The person–job fit
The employee's attitude
The organization's plan
The team structure
In terms of a psychological contract, inducements represent what employees will contribute to an organization.
True
False
What causes people to behave in a certain way on the job?
Person-job fit
Inducements
Pay
Psychological contracts
Motivation
What is the Hawthorne effect?
The belief that employees are motivated by money alone
The conclusion that workers are more productive if management pays attention to them
The determination that the level of lighting in a workplace has no effect on productivity
The theory that workers are more productive if their jobs are analyzed closely
The unspoken agreement between the employee and the employer
What is MOST useful about Theory X and Theory Y?
They shed light on managers' attitudes toward employees.
They provide a useful blueprint for taking action.
They help managers better understand employees.
They accurately depict the attitude of employees at work.
They support management decisions and plans.
According to Maslow's model, a set of needs will be a motivator until which of the following occurs?
The needs are satisfied.
New needs are identified.
The person becomes self-motivated.
A supervisor changes the work.
The needs are replaced by hygiene factors.
Which of the following lists Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs in order, starting with the most basic?
Physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization
Social, security, physiological, esteem, self-actualization
Physiological, self-actualization, security, esteem, social
Physiological, esteem, security, social, self-actualization
Esteem, self-actualization, social, physiological, security
If a manager believes that his employees are self-motivated and growth-oriented, what type of manager is he?
Theory Y
Theory X
Classical
Hierarchical
Expectant
Which of the following theories focuses on people evaluating their treatment by the organization relative to the treatment of others?
Equity theory
Hierarchy of needs
Expectancy theory
Goal-setting theory
X and Y theory
Scientific management is best described as a theory of motivation which states
Job satisfaction depends on two factors, hygiene and motivation.
People are motivated to work toward rewards that they want and that they have a reasonable chance of obtaining.
People evaluate their treatment by the organization relative to the treatment of others.
Managers should analyze jobs to find the most efficient methods and use money as a primary motivator.
People will work more productively as long as they receive some kind of attention from management.
Which of the following helps explain why some people do not work as hard as they can when their salaries are based purely on seniority?
Two-factor theory
Maslow's hierarchy of human needs
Scientific management
Expectancy theory
Theory X and Theory Y
The most productive employee in the department doesn't apply for a job opening they are well suited for, in spite of an excellent record and the pay and prestige associated with the new job. The employee believes that the job will go to someone who has more seniority. Based on expectancy theory, which would explain why the employee doesn't apply for the job?
The effort-performance issue
The equity theory issue
The performance-reward issue
Personal goals
Family demands
An employee is encouraged to apply for a promotion, but does not because he has children and wants to be home in the evening. Based on expectancy theory, which of the following explains why the employee doesn't apply for the job?
The equity theory issue
The rewards-personal goals issue
The performance-rewards issue
The rewards-ethics issue
The ethics-performance issue
A manager wants to motivate the maintenance staff to be more productive. She starts by providing training and assures employees that high productivity will be rewarded. Employees are asked to identify the rewards that would mean the most to them. The manager likely subscribes to which theory of motivation?
Equity
Expectancy
Two-factor
Hierarchy of needs
Productivity
An employee's level of effort began to decline when they learned a new employee with far less experience was hired at the same salary. The employee's lack of motivation can best be described by which theory of motivation?
Equity
Expectancy
Two-factor
Scientific management
Planning
Which of the following, if true, would BEST show that a manager's strategy for motivating his team is consistent with "Theory Y" about employee motivation?
The employees would need to see incentives as worth having for their own sake.
The employees would need to see their work as contributing to a success that they share in.
The manager wants his team to feel rewards will increase as the quality of work is increased.
The manager thinks that his team will not do their work well without added incentives.
The manager thinks that incentives are needed in order to boost morale.
If, instead of offering incentives for sales goals, a manager were to get ideas on increasing sales revenue from his sales team to implement, which of the following would MOST likely result?
The sales team would be more motivated by feeling more invested in the process.
The sales team would prefer to be given clearly defined goals to meet.
The sales team would not have enough information to go on in order to get ideas.
The sales team would come up with too many different ideas.
The sales team would be more motivated because of the chance to earn more money.
Which of the following supports the belief that people are naturally lazy and must be punished or rewarded to be made productive?
Hierarchy of human needs
Theory X
Theory Y
Two factor theory
Expectancy theory
According to McGregor, what motivational theory beliefs will result in managers most likely to have satisfied and motivated employees?
Hierarchy of human needs
Theory X
Theory Y
Two factor theory
Expectancy theory
According to Frederick Herzberg, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor?
Recognition
Hours
Working conditions
Additional time off
Added responsibility
According to McClelland, what is the need for achievement based on?
The desire to control one's environment
The desire to increase job satisfaction
Recognition for a job well done
The desire to accomplish a goal or task as effectively as possible
The need for promotions
According to McClelland, what do employees experience when they tend to want reassurance and approval from others and are genuinely concerned about others' feelings?
The need for power
The need for satisfaction
The need for achievement
The need for motivation
The need for affiliation
According to McClelland, which of the following represents the desire to control one's environment?
The need for power
The need for satisfaction
The need for achievement
The need for motivation
The need for affiliation
Which of the following indicates that an employee will work towards their goals if they believe they have a reasonable opportunity to achieve those goals?
Equity theory
Expectancy theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Hygiene factors
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Which motivational theory focuses on social comparisons as a motivator?
Equity theory
Expectancy theory
Power theory
Hygiene factors
Herzberg's two-factor theory
According to the classical theory of motivation, attention from the supervisor is more of a motivator than money.
True
False
The two-factor theory examines the relationship between effort and performance.
True
False
According to expectancy theory, people are motivated to work toward rewards they want and that they believe they have a reasonable chance of obtaining.
True
False
When people feel they are being inequitably treated, they are likely to ask for raises, increase their efforts, and work longer hours.
True
False
Hygiene factors affect motivation only if they are absent or fail to meet expectations.
True
False
Motivation factors are directly related to the work that employees perform; hygiene factors refer to the environment in which they work.
True
False
For an individual to feel equitably treated, his ratio of contribution to return must be the same as the other individual's ratio with whom he or she is comparing.
True
False
Individuals may satisfy social needs by making and maintaining friendships at work.
True
False
Equity theory is based on the premise that workers prefer a workplace where all employees are paid equally.
True
False
How are equity theory and the psychological contract connected?
Both involve employees comparing contribution-to-return ratios and perceiving whether they are being treated fairly.
Only the psychological contract involves comparing one employee’s ratio with another’s; equity theory focuses solely on outcomes.
Both claim that equal pay across all employees is the primary basis of fairness.
They focus exclusively on intrinsic rewards and ignore perceptions of fairness.
How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model explain employee motivation?
It arranges five human needs in a hierarchy where lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs, recognizing that different needs motivate different people.
It proposes that pay is the only meaningful motivator for employees at all levels.
It claims that higher-level needs must be met before any lower-level needs can influence behavior.
It rejects individual differences and states that the same need motivates everyone equally.
According to the two-factor theory, how should managers enhance motivation?
Follow a two-step approach: first ensure hygiene factors are acceptable to reduce dissatisfaction, then provide motivators to improve satisfaction and motivation.
Focus solely on increasing motivators while ignoring hygiene factors, since dissatisfaction will disappear on its own.
Eliminate hygiene factors entirely and rely on peer recognition to drive motivation.
Rotate jobs frequently regardless of working conditions, because variety alone increases motivation.
Contrast Theory X and Theory Y.
Theory X assumes people are lazy, self-centered, resist change, and are gullible; Theory Y assumes people are energetic, ambitious, intelligent, and willing to contribute to company growth.
Theory X assumes people are ambitious and self-directed; Theory Y assumes people are lazy and must be tightly controlled.
Both theories assume employees are naturally self-directed and creative, differing only in preferred leadership style.
Theory X and Theory Y both assume employees primarily seek equal pay and ignore personal goals.
How does expectancy theory explain employee motivation?
It states that people work toward desired rewards when they expect that high effort will lead to high performance, performance will lead to organizational rewards, and those rewards will meet personal goals.
It argues that motivation is random and independent of expectations about effort and outcomes.
It explains motivation solely through comparisons of pay with others, regardless of personal goals.
It holds that motivation depends only on the presence of acceptable hygiene factors in the workplace.
According to which theory are employees given a voice in how they do their jobs and how the company is managed?
Participative management and empowerment
Theory X
Classical theory of motivation
Modified work schedules
Scientific management
What is flextime an example of?
Job sharing
Job rotation
Modified work scheduling
Work sharing
Modified workplace planning
Which of the following can motivate workers by achieving a more satisfactory fit between workers and their jobs?
Job redesign
Team management
MBO
Training
Job enrichment programs
Which is an example of a modified work schedule?
Job sharing
Job redesign
Job rotation
Job enrichment
Job elimination
Which of the following allows people to choose their working hours by adjusting a standard work schedule on a daily or weekly basis?
Job enrichment
Flextime programs
Job enlargement
Job redesign
Work sharing
Which of the following is the most frequently used method of setting performance goals to motivate behavior?
Social learning
Participative management
Management by objectives
Job enrichment
Positive reinforcement
Which of the following is being practiced when employees can determine how to accomplish their jobs and results in increased commitment to organizational goals?
Social learning
Participative management
Management by objectives
Job enrichment
Positive reinforcement
Which of the following is based on the idea that different people need and want different things from their jobs?
Training
Teamwork
Participative management
Expectancy
Empowerment
Which behavior modification choice links a negative action with a negative consequence?
Performance measurement
Punishment
Regression
Social learning
Management by objectives
According to social learning theory, what determines the behavior of an individual at the work place?
Cognitions and social environment
Management by objectives
Analysis
Comparisons
Reinforcement
The essence behind management by objectives (MBO) is that performance goals are used to direct and motivate behavior.
True
False
With job rotation, conventional office space is redesigned to accommodate jobs that are less dependent on assigned spaces.
True
False
Participation and empowerment work more effectively in large firms than in small firms.
True
False
Job rotation is a form of job enrichment.
True
False
With job sharing, companies often experience increased turnover.
True
False
MBO involves managers and subordinates in setting goals and evaluating progress.
True
False
Positive reinforcement is used when a company or manager provides a reward when employees' exhibit desired behaviors.
True
False
According to many experts, motivational impact is the biggest advantage of MBO.
True
False
The use of teams can increase motivation and job satisfaction. Choose the best answer.
True
False
According to social learning theory, people learn, in part, because others expect them to. Choose the best answer.
True
False
Which are typical ways job redesign is implemented? Select all that apply.
Combining tasks
Forming natural work groups
Establishing client relationships
Centralizing decision-making
Reducing task variety to standardize work
In smaller firms, how can teams lead to higher levels of employee motivation and satisfaction? Select all that apply.
They help employees make decisions more quickly and effectively.
They enhance companywide communications and encourage members to feel part of the organization.
They give employees opportunities to feel their contribution is meaningful.
They reduce employee participation in decisions to maintain consistency.
They make employees feel less connected to the organization.
Under what conditions might the use of work teams be inappropriate? Select all that apply.
When workers perform repetitive, highly specialized tasks
When pay is based on team productivity, creating resentment among faster workers
When teamwork is assumed to fit every kind of work without exception
When tasks require interdependence and shared problem-solving
When slower workers feel pressure from coworkers to produce more
Which statements accurately describe management by objectives (MBO)? Select all that apply.
It is a system of collaborative goal setting that extends from top to bottom of an organization.
It involves both managers and subordinates in setting goals and evaluating progress.
It is most frequently used for setting performance goals to direct and motivate behavior.
It excludes subordinates from the goal-setting process to maintain managerial control.
It focuses exclusively on financial metrics rather than performance goals.
How do modified work schedules increase job satisfaction? Select all that apply.
They give employees more flexibility in balancing work with life.
Work sharing programs and flextime provide more freedom in professional and personal lives.
Telecommuting is an example of a flexibly scheduled program.
They reduce employee autonomy by strictly fixing start and end times.
They limit employees’ ability to adjust working hours to personal needs.
What are potential benefits to employers from a flextime program? Select all that apply.
Increased sense of freedom reduces stress and improves individual productivity.
Reduced traffic congestion and fewer stress-related problems decrease lost work time in urban areas.
Higher levels of employee commitment and job satisfaction
Improved employee balance between work and life, increasing motivation
Substantially higher overtime costs due to flexible hours
How can managers link punishment and rewards as behavior modification? Select all that apply.
Define specific desired behaviors to reinforce and specific undesired behaviors to eliminate.
Use systematic rewards for desired behaviors and punishments for undesired behaviors.
Shape employee behavior by linking positive reinforcement with desired behaviors and punishment with undesired behaviors.
Encourage wasting time to reduce stress as a motivational tactic.
Avoid specifying behaviors to keep the system flexible.
Which of the following do organizations need in order to be effective?
More leadership than management
More management than leadership
Both leadership and management
Either leadership or management
Neither leadership nor management
Which of the following describes the concept of leadership?
The processes and behaviors used by someone to determine the optimal decision among several options
The processes and behaviors used by someone to motivate, inspire, and influence the behaviors of others
The processes and behaviors used by someone to establish the organizational structure of a firm
The processes and behaviors used by someone to manage the functioning of an organization
The processes and behaviors used by someone to achieve tangible outcomes within an organization
Whereas managers focus on plans, results, and goals, what do leaders focus on?
Productivity
Profitability
Inspiration
Sales
Organization
What type of power is granted through the established hierarchy within the organization?
Legitimate power
Reward power
Referent power
Expert power
Coercive power
Salary increases, bonuses, promotions, praise and job assignments are all examples of what type of power?
Legitimate power
Reward power
Referent power
Expert power
Coercive power
What type of power is more abstract, often based on loyalty or charisma?
Legitimate power
Reward power
Referent power
Expert power
Coercive power
When someone is able to act as both a leader and a manager, what type of power do they possess that others often do not?
Legitimate power
Reward power
Referent power
Expert power
Coercive power
Management is defined as the processes and behaviors used to motivate, inspire, and influence the behaviors of others. Select the correct evaluation of this statement.
True
False
All managers are leaders, but not all leaders are managers. Select the correct evaluation of this statement.
True
False
What is the difference between leadership and management within an organization?
Leadership creates and directs change by influencing and motivating members; management focuses on administrative activities to ensure stability and reliable results
Leadership is primarily about enforcing rules and maintaining daily operations; management is about inspiring change and vision
Leadership and management are identical roles focused on routine tasks
Leadership ensures stability by controlling budgets; management disrupts stability through experimentation
