Which of the following is NOT a source of obligation under Article 1157 of the Civil Code?

In an obligation to give a determinate thing, the debtor is bound to preserve the thing with the diligence of:

The right of the creditor to the fruits of the thing arises from the time the obligation _______.

An obligation is a _____ necessity to give, to do, or not to do.

The debtor incurs delay when the creditor __________________ demands performance of the obligation.

Demand is not necessary to place the debtor in delay when time is of the essence.

In reciprocal obligations, delay begins from the moment one party fulfills his obligation.

________ is defined as the intentional evasion of the fulfillment of the obligation.

Any waiver of an action for future fraud is considered:

_____ is the omission of the diligence required by the nature of the obligation.

Responsibility arising from negligence may be regulated by the agreement of the parties except when contrary to law.

A fortuitous event is an event which could not be foreseen or which though foreseen was inevitable.

In the performance of obligation, the general rule is no person shall be responsible for fortuitous events.

A penal clause is an accessory obligation intended to insure performance by imposing a penalty in case of breach.

Courts may reduce the penalty if there is partial or irregular performance of the obligation.

An obligation is presumed joint unless solidarity is expressly stated or required by law.

In a ____ obligation, each debtor is liable only for his proportionate share on the debt.

Solidary liability exists when each debtor is liable for the entire obligation.

Payment by one solidary debtor extinguishes the obligation as to all other debtors.

The obligation is indivisible when the prestation cannot be partially performed.

Divisibility or indivisibility of an obligation depends primarily on the nature of the prestation.

A period or _____ refers to a future event which is certain to happen.

A suspensive condition gives rise to the obligation only upon fulfillment of the condition.

A resolutory condition extinguishes the obligation upon the happening of the condition.

A purely potestative condition dependent solely upon the will of the debtor is void.

In alternative obligations, the right of choice belongs to the debtor unless expressly granted to the creditor.

The loss of one prestation in an alternative obligation without fault of the debtor allows him to choose among the remaining prestations.

A facultative obligation is one where only one prestation is due, but another may be substituted.

Payment means the complete performance of the obligation.

Payment may be made by a third person even without the knowledge of the debtor.

Payment made to an incapacitated person is valid insofar as it has been beneficial to him.

It refers to the alienation of property to the creditor in satisfaction of a debt.

Application of payments applies when a debtor has several debts of the same kind in favor of the same creditor.

_____ takes place when two persons, in their own right, are creditors and debtors of each other

Compensation does not take place when one of the debts arises from a deposit.

Confusion or merger occurs when the qualities of debtor and creditor meet in one person.

Novation requires the extinguishment of the old obligation and the creation of a new one.

Novation is never presumed and must be clearly expressed or implied.

Loss of a determinate thing without fault of the debtor extinguishes the obligation.

A ______ is a meeting of minds whereby one binds himself to give something or to render some service.

Which of the following is the correct set of elements of a valid contract?

It is manifested by the concurrence of offer and acceptance.

An ____ becomes ineffective upon the death, civil interdiction, insanity, or insolvency of either party before acceptance is conveyed.

Contracts are perfected by mere consent, except real contracts.

The object of a contract must be lawful, possible, and determinate.

The cause of onerous contracts is the prestation or promise of the other party.

Contracts without cause or with unlawful cause are void.

Contracts shall be obligatory in whatever form they may have been entered into provided all essential requisites are present.

The freedom to contract is limited by law, morals, good customs, public order, and public policy.

Contracts take effect only between the parties and their assigns and heirs except in cases provided by law.

A stipulation pour autrui exists when a contract clearly and deliberately confers a favor upon a third person.

Reformation of instruments is allowed when the instrument does not express the true intention of the parties.

Interpretation of contracts primarily seeks to determine the intention of the contracting parties.

When a contract admits of several interpretations, the one that renders it effective shall be adopted.

______ contracts are those which cause economic damage or lesion to one of the parties or third persons.

Rescission of contracts requires a judicial action.

______ contracts are those where consent is vitiated or one party is incapacitated.

The action for annulment of voidable contracts prescribes in _____ years.

________ cleanses the contract of its defects retroactively.

Unenforceable contracts cannot be a basis of a right of action in court.

The Statute of Frauds applies only to executory contracts.

_____ contracts produce no legal effect and cannot be ratified.

The principle of in pari delicto applies when both parties are equally at fault.

__________ are obligations which cannot be enforced by court action but authorize the retention of what has been voluntarily delivered.

Payment of a prescribed debt constitutes a natural obligation.

Quasi-contracts arise from lawful, voluntary, and unilateral acts.

Negotiorum gestio refers to the voluntary management of the property or affairs of another without authority.

Solutio indebiti occurs when something is received when there is no right to demand it.

Obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the parties.

Absolute simulation of a contract renders it void.

Relative simulation does not affect the validity of the contract if the concealed agreement is lawful.

A contract entered into in the name of another without authority is unenforceable unless ratified.

Ratification of an unauthorized contract must be made by the principal.

Interpretation of contracts may consider the contemporaneous acts of the parties.

Contracts bind the parties not only to what is expressly stipulated but also to consequences according to good faith and usage.

Void contracts cannot be the source of legal rights.

Consent is vitiated by error, violence, intimidation, or fraud.

Contracts entered into under intimidation are _______

The cause of a contract must exist at the time of its perfection.

Contracts expressly prohibited by law are ____.

Courts may fix the duration of an obligation when the period depends upon the will of the debtor.

A natural obligation once voluntarily performed cannot be recovered.

Contracts entered into beyond the powers granted to the agent is called ______.

If both contracting parties were incapable of giving consent, the contract becomes _____ when either the parent or guarding of one of the contracting party ratifies the same.

Impossible conditions, those contrary to good customs or public policy, and those prohibited by law shall annul the obligations which depends upon them.

If the thing improved by its nature, or by time, the improvement shall inure to the benefit of the _____.

It is a principle which states that the condition is deemed fulfilled when the obligor voluntarily prevents its fulfillment.

Which of the following is not an incident wherein a debtor loses the right to make use of the period?

What is the reckoning period if an action for annulment of contract is based on mistake or fraud?

A obliged himself to deliver a specific piano to B on August 1, 2025. On July 29, 2025, the piano was destroyed by an earthquake without A’s fault. What is the effect on the obligation?

X borrowed PhP100,000 from Y payable on June 30, 2025. On June 25, 2025, X offered full payment but Y refused without just cause. On July 2, the money was stolen from X. Is X still liable?

D promised to sing at C’s wedding because of her unique talent. Before the wedding date, D became permanently ill and unable to sing. What is the effect?

E promised to give F PhP50,000 if F passes the bar examinations. F passed on his third attempt. May F demand payment?

G and H entered into an oral contract for the sale of land worth PhP2,000,000. H paid PhP500,000 as down payment, which G accepted. Is the contract enforceable?

J borrowed PhP300,000 from K with an agreed interest of 10% per year, but the interest agreement was not in writing. When J paid only the principal, K demanded interest. Is K entitled to interest?

L delivered 90 sacks of rice instead of the agreed 100 to M. Due to urgent need, M accepted the delivery without protest. Later, M demanded damages. Is M entitled to damages?

N paid O PhP20,000 believing it was a valid debt. N later discovered that no such debt existed.

What is N’s remedy?

P entered into a contract with Q after Q threatened him with serious harm. After one year, P continued performing the contract without objection. May P still file for annulment of contract?

R sold a parcel of land to S, but R was not the owner. Later on, T, the true owner, file an action for recovery of land. May R refuse to return the land to T and base his right on his contract with S?