The _______________________________ absorbed many ideas and beliefs from the older civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt.

At the same time, they developed their own ways that differed greatly from those of the _______________________________.

At the same time, they developed their own ways that _______________________________ from those of the river valley empires.

In particular, the Greeks developed new ideas about how best to govern a _______________________________.

In particular, the _______________________________ developed new ideas about how best to govern a society.

Geography Shapes _______________________________.

_______________________________ Shapes Greek City-States.

As you have read, geography helped to shape the _______________________________.

As you have read, _______________________________ helped to shape the early river valley civilizations.

There, strong rulers organized irrigation works that helped farmers produce _______________________________ needed to support large cities.

There, _______________________________ organized irrigation works that helped farmers produce food surpluses needed to support large cities.

A very different set of geographic conditions influenced the rise of _______________________________.

A very different set of _______________________________ influenced the rise of Ancient Greek civilization.

Landscape Forms _______________________________.

_______________________________ Forms Political Borders.

Greece is part of the Balkan peninsula, which extends southward into the _______________________________.

Greece is part of the _______________________________, which extends southward into the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

Mountains divide the peninsula into _______________________________.

_______________________________ divide the peninsula into isolated valleys.

Beyond the rugged coast, hundreds of _______________________________ spread toward the horizon.

Beyond the rugged coast, hundreds of rocky islands _______________________________ toward the horizon.

The Greeks who farmed the valleys or settled on the scattered islands did not create a _______________________________ such as that of the Egyptians or Persians.

The Greeks who _______________________________ did not create a large empire such as that of the Egyptians or Persians.

Instead, they built many small city-states, cut off from one another by _______________________________.

Instead, _______________________________ built many small city-states, cut off from one another by mountains or water.

Each included a city and its _______________________________.

Each _______________________________ a city and its surrounding countryside.

Greeks felt strong loyalty to their city-states and fiercely _______________________________ their independence.

_______________________________ felt strong loyalty to their city-states and fiercely defended their independence.

Endless rivalry led to frequent wars between the city-states—and in time, to the _______________________________ by outsiders.

Endless rivalry led to frequent wars between the city-states—and in time, to the conquest of Greece by _______________________________.

Living by the Sea The Mediterranean and Aegean seas were as central to the Greek world as the _______________________________ was to Egypt.

Living by the Sea The _______________________________ were as central to the Greek world as the Nile was to Egypt.

The mainland of Greece is largely _______________________________.

The _______________________________ of Greece is largely rocky and mountainous.

As a result, farming was more difficult than in the _______________________________.

As a result, _______________________________ was more difficult than in the river valley civilizations.

This meant that the economies of some Greek city-states depended on _______________________________ to obtain adequate food, such as grain, to support growing populations.

This meant that the _______________________________ depended on trade to obtain adequate food, such as grain, to support growing populations.

The seas provided a _______________________________ to the world outside.

The seas provided a vital link to the _______________________________.

With its hundreds of bays, the Greek coastline offered safe _______________________________ for ships.

With its hundreds of bays, the _______________________________ offered safe harbors for ships.

Like the Phoenicians, the Greeks became _______________________________.

Like the _______________________________, the Greeks became skilled sailors.

Carrying cargoes of olive oil, wine, and marble, Greek traders sailed to Eygpt, the _______________________________, and Asia Minor.

Carrying cargoes of olive oil, wine, and marble, _______________________________ sailed to Eygpt, the Middle East, and Asia Minor.

They returned not only with grains and metals but also with _______________________________, which they adapted to their own needs.

_______________________________ returned not only with grains and metals but also with ideas, which they adapted to their own needs.

For example, the Greeks expanded the _______________________________.

For example, the _______________________________ expanded the Phoenician alphabet.

The resulting alphabet in turn became the basis for all later _______________________________.

The _______________________________ in turn became the basis for all later Western alphabets.

By 750 B.C., rapid population growth was forcing many Greeks to leave their own _______________________________.

By _______________________________, rapid population growth was forcing many Greeks to leave their own overcrowded valleys.

With fertile land limited, the Greeks expanded _______________________________.

With fertile land _______________________________, the Greeks expanded overseas.

Gradually, a scattering of Greek colonies took root all around the Mediterranean from _______________________________ to Egypt.

Gradually, a _______________________________ took root all around the Mediterranean from Spain to Egypt.

Wherever they traveled, Greek settlers and traders carried their _______________________________.

Wherever they traveled, _______________________________ carried their ideas and culture.

Rise of Greek City-States As their world expanded after 750 B C, the Greeks evolved a unique version of the city-state, which they called the _______________________________ (POH lis).

Rise of Greek City-States As their world expanded after 750 B C, the _______________________________ evolved a unique version of the city-state.

Typically the polis was built on _______________________________.

Typically the _______________________________ was built on two levels.

On a hilltop stood the acropolis (uh KRAH puh lis), or high city, with its great marble temples dedicated to _______________________________.

On a hilltop stood the acropolis (uh KRAH puh lis), or _______________________________, with its great marble temples dedicated to different gods and goddesses.

On flatter ground below lay the walled main city with its marketplace, theater, public buildings, and _______________________________.

On flatter ground below lay the _______________________________ with its marketplace, theater, public buildings, and homes.

The population of each city-state was fairly small, which helped the citizens, or _______________________________, share a sense of responsibility for its triumphs and defeats.

The _______________________________ was fairly small, which helped the citizens, or free residents, share a sense of responsibility for its triumphs and defeats.

In the warm climate of Greece, free men spent much time outdoors in the marketplace, debating _______________________________ that affected their lives.

In the warm climate of Greece, _______________________________ spent much time outdoors in the marketplace, debating issues that affected their lives.

The whole community joined in festivals honoring the city's _______________________________.

The _______________________________ joined in festivals honoring the city's special god or goddess.

The rights of citizens, however, varied from city to city, and everywhere _______________________________ held all political power.

The rights of _______________________________, however, varied from city to city, and everywhere men held all political power.

Types of Government Evolve Between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C. Greeks developed different forms of _______________________________.

Types of Government Evolve Between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C. _______________________________ developed different forms of government.

At first, the ruler of the polis, like those in the river valley empires, was a _______________________________.

At first, the _______________________________, like those in the river valley empires, was a king.

A government in which a hereditary ruler, such as a king or queen, exercises central power is a _______________________________.

A government in which a hereditary ruler, such as a king or queen, exercises _______________________________ is a monarchy.

Slowly, however, power shifted to a class of _______________________________.

Slowly, however, _______________________________ shifted to a class of noble landowners.

Because only they could afford bronze weapons and chariots, these nobles were also the military _______________________________ of the city-states.

Because only _______________________________ could afford bronze weapons and chariots, these nobles were also the military defenders of the city-states.

At first these nobles _______________________________ the king.

At first these nobles defended the _______________________________.

In time, however, they won _______________________________ for themselves.

In time, however, _______________________________ won power for themselves.

The result was an aristocracy, or rule by a _______________________________.

The result was an _______________________________, or rule by a landholding elite.

As trade expanded, a new middle class of wealthy merchants, farmers, and artisans emerged in _______________________________.

As _______________________________ expanded, a new middle class of wealthy merchants, farmers, and artisans emerged in some cities.

They challenged the landowning nobles for power and dominated _______________________________.

_______________________________ challenged the landowning nobles for power and dominated some city-states.

The result was a form of government called an _______________________________.

The result was a form of government called an oligarchy, a form of government called an _______________________________.

In an oligarchy, power is in the hands of a _______________________________.

In an _______________________________, power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite.

New Ways of War Shape Greece Changes in military technology increased the _______________________________ of the middle class.

New Ways of War Shape Greece _______________________________ increased the power of the middle class.

By about 650 B.C., iron weapons replaced _______________________________.

By about 650 B.C., _______________________________ replaced bronze ones.

Since iron was cheaper, ordinary citizens could afford _______________________________.

Since iron was cheaper, _______________________________ could afford iron helmets, shields, and swords.

Meanwhile, a new method of fighting emerged—the phalanx, a massive tactical formation of _______________________________.

Meanwhile, a new method of fighting emerged—the _______________________________, a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers.

It required long hours of _______________________________ to master.

_______________________________ required long hours of drill to master.

Shared training created a strong sense of unity among the _______________________________.

_______________________________ created a strong sense of unity among the citizen-soldiers.

By putting the defense of the city-state in the hands of ordinary citizens, the phalanx reduced _______________________________.

By putting the _______________________________ in the hands of ordinary citizens, the phalanx reduced class differences.

The new type of warfare, however, led the two most influential city-states—Athens and Sparta—to develop very _______________________________ of life.

The new type of warfare, however, led the two most influential city-states—_______________________________—to develop very different ways of life.

While Sparta stressed military virtues and stern discipline, Athens glorified the individual and extended _______________________________.

While _______________________________ stressed military virtues and stern discipline, Athens glorified the individual and extended political rights to more citizens.