Any action that people can observe or measure

Cognitive activities are ________ processes.

Psychological ________ are theoretical entities, or concepts, that enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly.

A ________ is a statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and why they happen the way they do.

A ________ is a basic truth or law.

Help people with psychological problems, such as anxiety or depression

Typically treat people who have adjustment problems rather than serious psychological disorders

Identify and help students who have problems that interfere with learning

Generally focus on course planning and instructional methods for an entire school system

Study the changes that occur throughout a person’s lifespan

Identify human characteristics or traits

Study and help create social systems that promote and foster individual well-being

Conduct research into basic processes such as the functions of the nervous system

Means “looking within”

Explains how experiences often remind us of similar experiences in the past

The area of psychology that is concerned with discovering the basic elements of consciousness

The area of psychology that is concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment

The area of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining and understanding human behavior

Assumes that most of what exists in an individual’s mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes

Developed because, if psychology was to be a natural science like physics or chemistry, it must be limited to observable, measurable events.

Developed as an alternative to behaviorism and structuralism

Psychology emphasizes the influence of biology on our behavior

Focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes

Emphasizes the role that thoughts play in determining behavior

Stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices

Stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior

Emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior

Study the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socio-economic status on behavior and mental processes

Psychological __________ can be assumed to be present, but they cannot be seen or measured directly.

A __________ is an educated guess.

In a __________, people are asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular subject.

A __________ is the whole group you want to study or describe.

In a __________ sample, individuals are selected by chance from the target population.

In a __________ sample, subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample.

A predisposition to a certain point of view despite what the facts suggest

__________ bias is when people may have a different outlook from people who do not volunteer for research studies.

A __________ is an in-depth investigation of an individual or a small group.

__________ method is when researchers select a group of participants and then observe those participants over a period of time, often years or even decades.

__________ method is when researchers select a sample that includes people of different ages.

__________ observation is when researchers observe children as they use language naturally, such as while they interact with other children in play groups.

__________ observation is when researchers observe behavior in a laboratory rather than in the field.

__________ is a measure of how closely one thing is related to another.

An example of __________ correlation is when people who feel a greater need to achieve earn more money.

An example of __________ correlation is when the amount of stress on people increases, their immune systems become less capable of fighting off illness.

__________ are factors that can vary, or change.

__________ variable is the factor that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect.

__________ variable depends on something—the independent variable.

Which pair correctly completes the statement: "Members of an _____ receive the treatment, but the _____ group does not."

__________ is a substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in its effect.

In a __________, participants do not know whether they are in the experimental group or the control group.

In a __________, both participants and researchers are unaware of who receives the treatment.

__________ are standards for proper and responsible behavior.

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Made up of nerve cells that send messages between the central nervous system and other parts of the body

Nerve cells that run throughout the entire bodies and communicate with each other

Produces energy that fuels the neuron’s activity

Thin fibers that RECEIVE information from other neurons and pass the message through the cell body

Transmits messages from the neuron to the next neuron

A white, fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon

A junction or space between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another

Neurons send messages across synapses through the release of __________.

A column of nerves about as thick as a thumb that extends from the brain down the back.

The __________ nervous system regulates the body’s vital and involuntary functions, such as breathing and heart rate.

The ______ system consists of glands that secrete substances called ______ into the bloodstream. Select the correct pair to complete the sentence.

The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

The basic building blocks of heredity

Genes are found in threadlike structures called __________, which are composed of DNA.

The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information

The psychological process through which we interpret sensory stimulation

The weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed

The minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli

The process by which we become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli

A method of distinguishing sensory stimuli that takes into account not only the stimuli’s strength but also such variable elements as the setting, your physical state, your mood, and your attitudes

The sharpness of vision

_____ is when a person’s sense of self or sense of the world changes, due to not being conscious.

Many of our basic biological functions exist on a _____ level, such as blood flow and pupil dilation.

Information stored in the _____ (sometimes called the subconscious) is unavailable to awareness under most circumstances.

_____ ideas are not in your awareness now, but you could recall them.

Focusing on a particular stimulus is referred to as _____.

_____ means the awareness of things that are both inside and outside ourselves.

_____ are similar to, but more severe than, nightmares.

_____ or REM sleep is when our eyes are moving rapidly beneath our closed lids.

_____ is a rare sleep problem in which people suddenly fall asleep, no matter what time it is or where they are.

_____ is a sequence of bodily changes, such as those in body temperature, blood pressure, and sleepiness and wakefulness, that occurs every 24 hours.

_____ is a breathing interruption that occurs during sleep.

_____ is the inability to sleep.

In _____ the therapist gives instructions during hypnosis that are to be carried out after the session has ended.

_____ is an altered state of consciousness during which people respond to suggestions and behave as though they are in a trance.

_____ is a method some people use to try to narrow their consciousness so that the stresses of the outside world fade away.

Through _____ training, people have learned to control certain bodily functions, such as heart rate.

_____ is a false idea that seems real.

_____ to a drug means that after a person takes that drug for a while, the body craves it just to feel normal.

_____ are drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system.

_____ is the removal of the harmful substance from the body.

_____ is another word for drunkenness.

_____ is a drug that produces hallucinations.

_____ increase the activity of the nervous system.

_____ are a kind of stimulant known for helping people stay awake and for reducing appetite.

_____ are addictive depressants that have been used to relieve pain and induce sleep.