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WorksheetsCommunity Architecture and Social Capital Worksheet
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
Which of the following best represents the core philosophy of community architecture?
Designing monumental buildings that symbolize national identity
Empowering communities to participate in design and decision-making
Applying cutting-edge technology for design automation
Focusing solely on the aesthetics of urban space
The term ‘participatory design’ in community architecture primarily emphasizes:
The exclusive role of professional architects
Public–private partnership models in urban development
Involving users in all stages of the design process
Minimizing client feedback to ensure efficiency
In evaluating social capital within a community-based project, which type of capital focuses on vertical relationships with institutions?
A. Bonding social capital
B. Bridging social capital
C. Linking social capital
D. Structural social capital
Which research method would best capture the daily practices and informal cooperation patterns in a settlement?
Statistical regression
Participant observation
Correlation matrix analysis
Experimental simulation
When constructing a social capital index, which of the following practices ensures validity and fairness of weighting?
Using arbitrary weights based on researcher opinion
Avoiding any normalization of data
Using theory-driven weighting with sensitivity testing
Combining unrelated variables for data richness
Which statement best describes cultural mapping in community-based design?
A. A purely technical survey focused on physical infrastructure conditions.
B. A process of identifying, documenting, analyzing, and visualizing a community’s tangible and intangible cultural assets to inform participatory and ethical design.
C. A promotional tool to brand cities for tourism through slogans and logos.
D. A one-time inventory of heritage buildings carried out by experts without community involvement.
Which of the following is an example of an INTANGIBLE cultural asset?
Heritage buildings
Public squares and monuments
Oral histories, traditions, and belief systems
Craft markets and festival venues
According to the mapping procedure, which of the following is NOT listed as a stage?
Defining the mapping brief
Engaging stakeholders
Data collection and data synthesis
Project marketing and media campaigning
Why does cultural mapping support sustainable and resilient development?
Because it replaces scientific environmental assessments entirely.
Because projects rooted in cultural understanding reflect lived realities, inform ecological strategies, and are embraced by local stakeholders.
Because it prioritizes economic growth over cultural considerations.
Because it avoids revisiting or updating mapped information.
In assessing the cultural mapping process, which indicator focuses on moving beyond token consultation?
Stakeholder participation that meaningfully involves diverse community voices
The number of pages in the final report
The total project budget spent on consultants
The amount of marketing materials produced
What is the most accurate description of SOCIAL RESILIENCE in settlements?
The ability of physical infrastructure to resist earthquakes without any damage.
The capacity of communities to adapt, learn, and reorganize after disturbances through networks, trust, participation, and shared norms.
A government-led plan that focuses only on rebuilding roads and bridges.
A marketing approach to attract investment after disasters.
Which set lists the core dimensions of SOCIAL CAPITAL highlighted in the module?
Income, assets, and land tenure
Networks, trust, participation, and shared norms
Technology, innovation, and patents
Zoning, building codes, and permits
Ecological resilience refers to:
How quickly markets recover after a recession.
The capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbance and reorganize while retaining essential functions.
The total number of species in a region regardless of their interactions.
Government programs that subsidize eco-tourism.
How do SOCIAL and ECOLOGICAL resilience interact in human settlements, according to the chapter?
They operate independently and should be planned in separate programs.
Social networks can enable stewardship of local environments, while healthy ecosystems support community wellbeing and risk reduction.
Which example BEST illustrates social capital strengthening adaptation and recovery?
A. A top-down relocation policy announced without consultation.
B. Informal networks that coordinate evacuation, share information, and organize gotong-royong for riverbank clean-ups after floods.
C. A single contractor hired to dredge a river once every five years.
D. A public campaign focusing only on tourist branding.
In the Kampung Code (Yogyakarta) case used in the module, what principle captures the integration of social networks with ecological practices?
Exclusive expert control over all river management decisions
Community participation that links everyday networks with riparian management, waste reduction, and flood-risk actions
Replacing local knowledge with imported technologies
Prioritizing road widening over riverbank ecosystems
Which indicator would be MOST appropriate for evaluating social capital in a neighborhood resilience program?
Average building height in meters
Participation rates in community meetings, mutual-aid activities, and preparedness drills
Number of cafes per 1,000 residents
Annual tourist arrivals
Why is TRUST a critical component of social capital in disaster response?
It reduces transaction costs, enables rapid coordination, and improves compliance with collective decisions.
It guarantees that hazards will not occur.
It replaces the need for early warning systems.
It allows authorities to avoid communication with residents.
Which strategy BEST reflects inclusive and sustainable settlement development emphasized in the chapter?
Designing only for property owners to speed up approvals
Co-producing plans with residents (including marginalized groups), local government, and NGOs to align social networks with ecological stewardship
Outsourcing all decisions to external consultants
Focusing solely on economic growth targets
A common pitfall the chapter warns against is:
Over-investing in trust and participation
Tokenistic participation that consults communities late, superficially, or without influence on outcomes
Which report first popularized the concept of sustainable development?
Brundtland Report (1987)
Kyoto Protocol (1992)
Paris Agreement (2015)
Rio+20 Summit (2012)
The three pillars of sustainable development include:
Political, Cultural, Economic
Economic, Social, Environmental
Social, Technological, Political
Cultural, Environmental, Financial
The main function of the social dimension in sustainability is to:
Increase industrial output
Ensure inclusive, equitable, and just societies
Maximize economic growth
Preserve only cultural heritage
Which SDG most directly reflects the goal of reducing inequality?
SDG 1 – No Poverty
SDG 10 – Reduced Inequalities
SDG 11 – Sustainable Cities
SDG 13 – Climate Action
Arnstein’s (1969) “ladder of participation” emphasizes:
Citizen tokenism vs. genuine empowerment
Urban ecological sustainability
Role of elites in planning
Technological innovation in housing
Traditional practices like gotong royong in Java represent:
Bonding social capital
Bridging social capital
Linking social capital
Negative social capital
The principle of “leave no one behind” is central to:
Local development plans
UN Sustainable Development Goals (2015)
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Agreement
Climate justice highlights:
Unequal impacts of climate change on vulnerable groups
The need for industrial growth
Exclusivity in urban design
Limiting cultural participation
Pierre Bourdieu defined social capital as:
Resources through networks of recognition and acquaintance
Features of organizations that foster competition
Formal legal institutions only
Economic output from industries
James Coleman emphasized social capital as:
Functional resource from social structures
Mainly financial resource
Exclusive network for elites
Tradition-based hierarchy
Robert Putnam linked social capital to:
Increased efficiency through trust, norms, and networks
Religious practices only
Economic institutions only
Government regulations
Which type of social capital links communities to institutions of power?
Bonding
Bridging
Linking
Negative
33. Subak irrigation system in Bali exemplifies:
a traditional water management system
a modern urban drainage system
an industrial irrigation method
a rainwater harvesting technique
Sasi in Maluku represents:
Customary law regulating resource use
Exclusive gated-community culture
Individual farming techniques
Modern technology-based governance
Which element of social capital reduces transaction costs?
Reciprocity
Trust
Diversity
Social norms
Which is a “dark side” of social capital?
Gotong royong
Patronage systems
Reciprocity
Bridging networks
Participation is crucial because it:
Increases ownership and legitimacy
Reduces cooperation
Limits innovation
Encourages exclusion
In disaster recovery, high social capital communities:
Rely mainly on external aid
Recover more quickly and resiliently
Collapse more rapidly
Depend solely on government
Amos Rapoport’s theory emphasizes:
Architecture as a cultural institution
Only technical aspects of design
The alun-alun in Javanese cities functions as:
Recreational space only
A central communal, governance, and ritual space
Elite exclusive courtyard
Private housing
Communal spaces represent:
Decorative design
Cultural and social capital
Religious elites’ territory
Only economic activity
Which communal space doubles as an irrigation and social hub in Bali?
Bale desa
Banjar hall
Subak temple
Tongkonan
Urbanization threatens communal spaces by:
Encouraging more rituals
Weakening traditional networks
Increasing solidarity
Creating more reciprocity
Incorporating communal values into urban design strengthens:
Isolation
Social interaction and resilience
Exclusivity
Market competition
Public spaces are characterized by:
Open access for all, civic interaction
Restricted membership
Private ownership
Homogenous groups only
Communal spaces differ from public spaces because:
They are for specific groups with shared identity
They are always larger than public parks
They require government ownership
They exclude cultural values
Which function best illustrates communal courtyards?
Bridging social capital
Bonding social capital
Linking social capital
Negative capital
Which urban strategy transforms sites into meaningful places?
Placemaking
Gentrification
Standardization
Privatization
Which is the biggest threat to inclusivity in public space?
Inequality restricting access
Ritual practices
Cultural festivals
Market spaces
Case studies like community gardens represent:
Social isolation
Communal resilience and food security
Privatized parks
Exclusivity of elites
Role of Architects in Building Social Capital, Architects act as:
Only technical experts
Professionals and community members
Sole economic agents
Detached designers
Which is NOT a criterion of sustainable architecture?
Observation skills help architects to:
Understand social and cultural dynamics
Focus only on economy
Avoid participatory processes
Limit interaction
Participatory design fosters:
Trust and ownership
Isolation
Exclusivity
Inequality
Which challenge is commonly faced by architects?
Communication gaps and resource constraints
Too much community trust
Lack of technical skills
Over-participation
Case study of kampung revitalization highlights:
Role of communal courtyards in strengthening identity
Exclusive housing estates
Ignoring local traditions
Standardization of design
“Human presence and face-to-face interaction” strategy emphasizes:
Visibility and encounters
Restricting contact
Limiting participation
Exclusive space
Knowledge sharing promotes:
Empowerment and co-creation
Isolation
Exclusivity
“Shadow of the Future” principle means:
Open-ended, adaptive design
Predetermined fixed design
Ignoring community needs
Exclusive construction
Everyday interventions encourage:
Participation in daily life
Isolation of communities
Privatization
Top-down control
Flexible and multifunctional spaces:
Serve diverse groups and activities
Restrict inclusivity
Limit interactions
Encourage exclusion
Participatory rule-making ensures:
A. Ownership and responsibility
B. Elite control
C. Top-down governance
D. Market-driven rule
Responsive design means:
Adapting to user needs
Imposing rigid forms
Excluding communities
Standardization
Community gardens in Asia/Europe illustrate:
Participatory rule-making and knowledge sharing
Privatized land
Luxury estates
Urban exclusion
Participatory housing in Latin America reflects:
community involvement in housing development
government-only control over housing projects
exclusive private sector investment
lack of local input in housing decisions
Kampung revitalization practices emphasize:
Strengthening cultural identity and governance
Individualism
Standardization
Market expansion
One major challenge in participatory design is:
Power imbalance between professionals and communities
Too much equality
Lack of cultural mapping
Over-resourced projects
Cultural mapping is important because:
It identifies intangible values in communities
It limits participation
It excludes heritage
It ignores traditions
In the context of Industry 5.0, architects must:
Balance technology with cultural identity and trust
Focus only on AI
Ignore ecological principles
Prioritize profit
Ultimately, participatory design contributes to:
Social capital, sustainability, and resilience
Market exclusivity
Political authority only
Economic output only
Which statement BEST captures why social capital behaves differently in URBAN/PERI-URBAN contexts compared to rural settings?
A. Urban networks are mostly kinship-based and stable across generations.
B. Urban social ties are often more diverse and transient than in rural areas.
C. Urban communities rely solely on formal institutions for support.
D. Social capital in urban areas is unaffected by migration and population turnover.
'Fragmented bonding capital' in cities most likely results in which condition?
Broad trust across different groups and classes
Segmented trust and local solidarity that may limit wider cooperation
Complete absence of intra-group support
Automatic access to formal services and permits
Which of the following is the clearest example of BRIDGING social capital in an urban neighborhood?
A savings group formed only by migrants from the same village
A multi-ethnic association linking residents, school teachers, and shop owners to run a waste-reduction program
A family-only cooperative that rotates loans among close relatives
A patron–client network that trades political loyalty for favors
LINKING social capital primarily refers to:
Strong ties among people with similar identity markers
Connections across diverse groups at the same social level
Vertical relationships between communities and institutions (e.g., government, NGOs, private sector)
Temporary, need-based ties formed only during disasters
According to Table 11.1 (Key Dynamics of Social Capital), which challenge is commonly associated with FLUID NETWORKS?
Bureaucratic barriers and political inequality
Instability and short lifespan of relationships
Social isolation due to kinship clustering
Difficulty maintaining trust across differences
What risk can undermine the benefits of linking social capital in governance?
Social learning
Clientelism and dependency that reproduce inequality
Hybrid collaboration between formal and informal actors
Participatory budgeting and co-design workshops
Which of the following BEST illustrates the role of DIGITAL networks as BRIDGING or LINKING capital?
A. Closed family chat for weekend plans only
B. A city-wide WhatsApp group coordinating mutual aid and reporting issues to authorities during a crisis
C. A private messaging thread for a single apartment unit
In the Kampung Akuarium case, which sequence reflects the EVOLUTION of social capital during the redevelopment process?
Linking → Fragmented bonding → Fluid networks → Bridging
Fragmented bonding → Bridging alliances → Linking with government → Adaptive/fluid networks for implementation
Bridging → Fragmented bonding → Adaptive networks → No linking
Fluid networks only, without bridging or linking
Which outcome aligns with STRONG bridging and linking capital in peri-urban planning?
Exclusion of newcomers from planning forums
Co-produced land-use agreements mediated by community intermediaries, reducing conflict
Sole reliance on external consultants with no local dialogue
Permanent displacement without negotiation
Which planning approach is RECOMMENDED to support fluid and temporary networks in informal settlements?
Fixed, top-down spatial order that removes informality entirely
Flexible, incremental, and participatory frameworks that accommodate livelihoods and co-production
Exclusive expert control over all decisions
Prioritizing tourist branding over neighborhood needs
In rural contexts, 'bonding' social capital is best characterized by:
Loose ties among unrelated actors primarily for market transactions
Dense, close-knit relations grounded in kinship, trust, reciprocity, and shared identity
Vertical connections to government agencies and formal lenders
Temporary alliances formed only during disasters
Which pair is MOST representative of Indonesian practices that express bonding social capital?
Corporate social responsibility and digital marketing
Gotong royong and arisan
Export promotion and micro-insurance
PPP (public–private partnership) and zoning
The 'dark side' of social capital in tightly knit rural groups refers to:
The inability to enforce communal rules
Social closure that resists new ideas and excludes outsiders, limiting adaptation
Excessive dependence on external institutions for decision-making
The disappearance of traditional ecological knowledge
BRIDGING social capital in rural development primarily enables communities to:
Strengthen only kin-based obligations
Access new resources and knowledge through horizontal ties across different groups
Replace local norms with market-based rules
Avoid contact with educational institutions and NGOs
LINKING social capital is best illustrated by which example?
Rotating savings among cousins
A farmers’ cooperative lobbying the district government for irrigation funding
A neighborhood clean-up day
A group chat among high school classmates
According to the module, migration can strengthen rural resilience because returning migrants often:
Break all ties with their home villages
Bring skills, capital, and ideas that foster innovation and diversify livelihoods
Replace traditional institutions with external contractors
Cause permanent ecological degradation
Traditional institutions such as musyawarah and adat contribute to resilience by:
Eliminating the need for formal governance entirely
Providing informal governance, conflict mediation, and environmental ethics aligned with TEK
Privatizing all communal resources for efficiency
Focusing only on tourism promotion
In the Nglanggeran case study, which statement is TRUE?
The village lies 25 km northwest of Yogyakarta and sits entirely below 150 m elevation
The area was designated a UNESCO Global Geopark site in 2015 and has ~80 homestays
The community banned any partnerships with universities
Tourism is managed solely by private companies with no community institutions
Which set BEST captures how bonding, bridging, and linking capital operated in Nglanggeran?
Bonding for homestay competition; bridging avoided; linking irrelevant
Bonding mobilized collective labor; bridging brought in universities/NGOs; linking secured government support and recognition
Only linking mattered; bonding and bridging were absent
Bridging replaced all local customs and rituals
Which of the following institutional arrangements is emphasized as part of adaptive governance in Nglanggeran?
Exclusive control by external consultants
Community institutions such as Pokdarwis and Bumdes Purba Nglanggeran coordinating conservation and benefit-sharing
A top-down regime that prohibits women’s participation
Eliminating cultural rituals to standardize operations
Which statement BEST defines the purpose of QUANTITATIVE methods in social capital research?
To replace qualitative insights with numerical certainty in all contexts.
To translate social interactions into measurable variables for statistical analysis and comparison across groups or time.
To collect narratives that explain cultural meanings behind relationships.
To avoid visual outputs like graphs or network maps.
Which is NOT an advantage of quantitative approaches, as described in the module?
Enabling statistical testing and objective measurement
Allowing comparison between groups or across time
Capturing deep cultural meaning and emotion behind relationships
Producing visual results such as tables, graphs, and network maps
Which trio lists the principal quantitative techniques highlighted for measuring social capital?
FGDs, in-depth interviews, and participant observation
Surveys & questionnaires, Social Network Analysis, and Index construction
Case studies, ethnography, and photo-elicitation
Text mining, satellite imagery, and remote sensing
In Social Network Analysis (SNA), which metric set is commonly used to understand structure and information flow?
Floor area ratio, plot coverage, and building height
Density, centrality, and measures of information flow between actors
GDP per capita, unemployment, and inflation
Biodiversity index, tree canopy cover, and soil pH
What is the main function of INDEX CONSTRUCTION in social capital evaluation?
To aggregate multiple indicators (e.g., trust scores, participation rates) into a composite value for comparison and policy benchmarking
To replace all fieldwork with secondary data
To visualize network ties among individuals
To prioritize economic indicators over social ones
Which statement BEST captures the role of QUALITATIVE methods in measuring social capital?
To collect narratives that explain cultural meanings behind relationships.
To quantify social interactions through numerical data.
To analyze statistical trends in social behavior.
To evaluate the effectiveness of social programs.
According to the SEVEN-STEP evaluation procedure (see Figure 12.1), which sequence is correct?
Choose indicators → Define objectives → Data analysis → Feedback
Define objectives → Choose indicators → Develop tools → Data collection → Data analysis → Interpretation → Feedback and validation
Data collection → Develop tools → Choose indicators → Interpretation → Feedback → Define objectives → Analysis
Interpretation → Feedback → Define objectives → Choose indicators → Data analysis → Develop tools → Data collection
Which ethical practice is emphasized for handling sensitive network data?
Publishing all names to enhance transparency
Collecting data without consent to avoid bias
Ensuring informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymization before dissemination
Deleting raw data immediately after collection to avoid analysis
What caution does the module give regarding INDEX-BASED comparisons across neighborhoods?
Composite indices cannot be interpreted in any context.
Numerical differences may reflect cultural reporting biases; therefore indices must be read alongside qualitative narratives.
Index scores always provide complete explanations of social processes.
Indices should replace participatory validation to save time.
How does integrating methods inform DESIGN DECISIONS in architecture and planning?
By keeping social analysis separate from spatial design considerations.
By using SNA and participatory mapping to identify where spatial barriers limit bridging ties, informing proposals like shared courtyards or open pathways.
By prioritizing aesthetic guidelines over social dynamics.
By focusing solely on post-occupancy economic returns.
