Pilgrims agreed to the ______ (a civil body politic); New England used town hall meetings as their colonial assemblies; Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was the first written colonial constitution.

New England had problems too: They were attacked by Indians in ______; During the Salem witchcraft trials about 200 people were killed.

The first middle colony was ______ and was founded by the Dutch but was taken over by England & renamed New York.

Pennsylvania was founded by a ______ named William Penn who hoped to build a “holy experiment” that would be tolerant of all religions and nice to the Indians.

______ showed the power of individualism in Philadelphia by becoming a wealthy printer and political thinker.

The first English colony was created by the Virginia Company at ______ in Virginia.

Jamestown colonists were looking for wealth; ______ transformed Virginia into a cash-crop, plantation economy…

Virginia formed America’s first representative democracy called the ______.

Georgia was formed as a ______ to protect the Carolinas from Spanish Florida.

African slaves came from West Africa to America across the ______.

Southern colonies had problems too: Jamestown colonists were attacked by Powhatan Indians; Poor Virginia settlers attacked the governor in an uprising known as ______.

England used salutary neglect & allowed the 13 colonies to have the freedom to make their own decisions; All 13 colonies made their own decisions in their local __________.

The colonies traded across the Atlantic Ocean with England; England used ______ to control colonial trade and profit off the colonies.

The ______ was a series of revivals in which many American colonists experienced religious conversion by reexamining their destiny (the “inner light”).

1754-1763 Britain and France fought a long, expensive war known as the _____________________

1763 To pay off ____________________, Britain began taxing the colonists for the first time

Britain created the ____________________ of 1763 to restrict the colonists from moving west across the Appalachian Mountains

1765 Britain passed the _____________________ which taxed paper goods in the colonies; The Sons of Liberty protested and boycotted the tax

1773-1774 Sons of Liberty destroyed British tea in the Boston Tea Party; Britain punished the colonists with the _____________________

1776 Colonists were inspired by Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke’s idea of natural rights as well as Thomas Paine’s ______________________________ to gain independence

The Second Continental Congress asked _____________________________ to draft a Declaration of Independence from Britain

1775 American minutemen shot at British troops at ________________________________; This “shot heard ‘round the world” was the start of the war

The British won the early years of the Revolutionary War, but General ________________________________ led the colonial army

The victory at Saratoga convinced ____________________ to enter the war as an ally of the colonists

1781 George Washington defeated the British army led by General Cornwallis at the _________________________________

1783 The _______________________________ in 1783 ended the war and granted America its independence and all lands east of the Mississippi River

AOC was a ____________________ national government that included only a congress made up of each of the 13 states

The _____________________ of 1787 created a method for territories to become states

1787 Poor farmers in Massachusetts led a revolt called _________________________________ to avoid losing their farms

Ideas of the Enlightenment: John Locke’s ideas of natural rights and limited gov’t; Montesquieu’s ____________________________________ and checks and balances

____________________________________________: citizens have power to vote

Article I: The _______________________ branch is made up of a bicameral Congress with a House of Representatives … and a Senate …

Article I: Congress has the power to _________________________________________, declare war, levy taxes, coin money, ratify treaties

Article II: The ______________________ branch is made up of the president (4-year term, 2-term limit), VP, the cabinet of advisors, departments and agencies

Article II: The president enforces the law and has the power to _____________________________, appoint judges, negotiate treaties

Article III: Powers include interpreting the law and ____________________________ (determining if acts of the gov’t are constitutional)

“Great Compromise” between __________________________________________—divided Congress into a House of Reps (for large states) and Senate (for small states)

Three-Fifths Compromise between _______________________________________—allowed states to count 3 of every 5 slaves toward population for Congress and taxes

_____________________________________________ did not support the Constitution because it gave too much power to the national government

_______________________________________ supported the Constitution; Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote essays called the Federalist Papers

Hamilton’s ___________________________________ gave order to the economy: created the first Bank of the U.S., assumed state debts by the national government

Hamilton & Jefferson disagreed about the role of the new gov’t and formed the first political parties, Federalists … & ______________________________________________________ (strong state gov’ts, strict interpretation)

Washington’s Farewell Address: Supported ________________________________ and warned against political parties

_____________________________________________ limited citizens’ freedom of speech, Hurt Federalist Party

The election of 1800 was a victory for Jefferson and marked the first time that one political party (_______________________________________________) replaced another (Federalists) in the office of the president.

He sent _______________________________ on an expedition to explore the new territory. Their trip revealed plentiful natural resources in the West.

For the first time, the Supreme Court used the power of _________________________________ to decide the constitutionality of government actions.

The most important event of Madison’s years was the ___________________.

When the USA tried to trade with France, Britain used _____________________________ (capture of U.S. ships).

The _____________________________________ ended the war.

In the South, Eli Whitney’s ____________________________________ made cotton cheap to produce. “King Cotton” became the most profitable product in the USA.

Factories like the Lowell Mill mass-produced __________________________.

The construction of the ___________________________________ linked the West to New York City, and transformed the city into the financial capital of the nation.

In 1823, the _______________________________ showed America’s growing power by declaring that the USA would protect the Western Hemisphere (Latin America).

Jackson represented the “____________________” (not the wealthy, educated elite) at a time when property qualifications were removed to allow poor men to vote.

He broke from the Democratic-Republicans and formed the ______________________.

During his presidency, Jackson … signed the ______________________________________________ which sent Indian tribes west (Trail of Tears).

South Carolina threatened not to pay tariff duties in the ________________________ Crisis.

Women demanded ___________________ and equality in the Declaration of Sentiments (by Eliz Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention).

Missouri entered the Union as a slave state, upsetting the balance between free and slave states in the Senate. As a compromise, Maine was added as a free state and the ___________________ of latitude divided future states: all states above the line would be free states while states below the line could have slavery.

In the 1830s, Congress passed a high protective _________________ (tax) on foreign goods. The tariff helped northern factories but hurt southerners who had to buy more expensive goods. Led by John C. Calhoun, South Carolina threatened to “nullify” (ignore) the law.

Calhoun claimed “_________________________” over an “unfair national law.” President Andrew Jackson threatened a war but a compromise was reached and the crisis.

Americans believed they had a right to all lands to the Pacific Ocean. Americans would spread democracy, Christianity, culture.

America annexed _________________ which had become independent from Mexico. The annexation led to the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). The USA easily won, signed the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848), and gained the Mexican Cession in the southwest.

The USA easily won, signed the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848), and gained the _______________________________________________ in the southwest.

Congress threatened to outlaw slavery in the Mexican Cession with the __________________________________. It did not pass, but was a major debate.

After gaining California from Mexico, gold was discovered. This led to a gold rush in 1849 which increased the population of California. The growth of western states increased sectional tensions between North and South. Abolitionists wanted to stop the spread of slavery. When _____________________ applied to become a state in 1850, the Compromise of 1850 was passed.

To please the South, a strict _________________________________________________ was passed. This law allowed runaway slaves to be recaptured. This angered Northern abolitionists.

The success of the Compromise of 1850 did not last long. Congressman Stephen Douglas introduced a plan to settle the issue of slavery in the West called _________________________________. The law repealed (ended) the 36°30’ line from the Compromise of 1820 and allowed the residents of Kansas and Nebraska to vote for or against slavery.

When Kansas residents voted, pro-slavery Missourians crossed the border and voted illegally. This led to a war between pro- and anti-slavery people known as “_______________________________.” Popular sovereignty failed to settle the slave question in the West.

The ________________________________ was formed in opposition to the spread of slavery (“Free Soilers”).

The Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not limit personal property (like slaves) so the Compromise of 1820 was declared ________________________. The ruling was a victory for the South because the Court declared slavery could spread anywhere in America.

A white _______________________ in Virginia, John Brown decided to fight slavery in the South with violence. He led an attack on a federal armory at Harper’s Ferry, VA in an attempt to seize weapons to give to slaves so they could fight for their freedom.

Republican ____________________________________ won the presidential election in 1860. Lincoln wanted to limit the spread of slavery. After the election, South Carolina seceded (separated) from the USA. SC was quickly followed by six other southern states that formed a new nation called the Confederate States of America.

When Lincoln won the presidential election of 1860, eleven southern states seceded and formed a new nation called the Confederate States of America. _______________________________ was elected the Confederacy’s first president.

U.S. President Abraham Lincoln refused to accept southern secession and promised to “_______________________________________________”

The Civil War began when Confederate soldiers fired on the Union-held _____________________________________________ in Charleston, SC. Both sides began drafting soldiers and preparing for war.

The Confederacy had better military generals including ______________________ and “Stonewall” Jackson. In addition, the South developed a defensive military strategy to protect from “northern aggression.”

Throughout the war, Lincoln used his “emergency” presidential powers. He suspended constitutional right of __________________________ which required evidence to hold an accused person in jail. He limited free speech and assembly.

A key turning point in the war took place in 1862 at the battle of ________________. General Lee invaded Union territory in Maryland and fought the bloodiest single day of fighting of the war. However, Lee was turned back.

President Lincoln decided it was time to issue the ___________________________________________________ which emancipated (freed) all the slaves held in Confederate states. It did not free any slaves in the North…

…but Union troops were now fighting to “preserve the Union” and “__________________________________________.

The Civil War began to turn in favor of the North in 1863. General Lee invaded Union territory in Pennsylvania in the battle of ____________________.

Lincoln gave a speech called the __________________________________________. He explained that the USA was one indivisible nation.

After Gettysburg, the Union army got another victory at ___________________ along the Mississippi River under Union general Ulysses Grant. The victory allowed the Union army to split the Confederacy in two.

In 1864, Grant ordered Union general ______________________________ to “march to the sea.” The goal was to kill the southern will to fight.

The battle of __________ helped convince northerners that the war was almost over and Lincoln won a second term in office.

In Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address he knew that the war was almost over and promised the South “with ________________________________________________; with charity for all.”

The North won the Civil War and pushed for the ______________________________ which abolished (ended) slavery in America. The North’s celebration was short lived because Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.

States had to ratify the _______________________ which abolished slavery in America.

But the southern states passed ________________ to keep blacks from voting and gaining jobs.

States had to ratify the _______________________ which guaranteed citizenship for African Americans and outlawed discrimination based on race as well as the 15th Amendment which granted black men the right to vote.

The ____________________________________ was created to provide blacks food and educational opportunities (Morehouse College became the first college for black students in Georgia).

President Andrew Johnson did not agree with Radical Reconstruction and tried to block it. The House of Representatives voted to _____________ him, but he was not removed from office.

____________________ gave 160 acres of frontier land to settlers who agreed to live on it for 5 years.

_______________________________ connected the east and west with fast transportation. The railroad allowed crops, cattle, and gold/silver to be sold in the east and manufactured goods to be sold in the west. It was built using Chinese and Irish immigrant labor.

In 1882, anti-Asian attitudes led Congress to pass the ________________________, the first immigration restrictions in U.S. history.

The U.S. got its revenge in 1890 at _______________________________, the last Indian battle in U.S. history.

This led to the formation of the ______________________ led by William Jennings Bryan. Their wanted railroad regulation and bimetallism (gold and silver money).

Some companies became so large they became ________________________ (also called trusts), such as Rockefeller’s Standard Oil and Carnegie’s Steel Co. which became large using mergers and vertical and horizontal integration.

________________________________________ increased as people moved to cities to find jobs. Poor factory workers lived in tenement apartments. Child labor, overcrowding, pollution, poverty, crime increased in cities.

Millions of immigrants, most from Eastern and Southern Europe, migrated through New York at Ellis Island. These “__________________________” were rejected by traditional Americans because of their language, religion, and customs.

City politicians such as Boss Tweed formed corrupt _____________________ (like Tammany Hall in NY).

Workers were paid low wages and worked long hours. As a result, new _____________________ were formed like the Knights of Labor and Samuel Gompers’ American Federation of Labor (AFL).