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WorksheetsColonial America and Early U.S. History Review (Grade 8)
Total questions: 90
Worksheet time: 45mins
What were the main reasons for European exploration?
Fur trading only
wealth, religion, expand empires, claim territory, new trade routes to Asia through Northwest Passage
Religious freedom only
Cash crops and plantations
What lands did Spain claim in the New World?
Rich farmland for grain
Land for fur trading
Florida, Texas, California; built missions
Rocky soil and harbors
Why did France claim land in the New World?
For cash crops
to profit from fur trading
For religious freedom
To build missions
What were the New England colonies like?
Fertile soil, warm climate, cash crops
Fur trading posts
Rich farmland, moderate climate
rocky soil, cold climate, harbors, fishing, lumber, and shipbuilding; founded for religious freedom
Who founded Rhode Island and why?
Roger Williams left Massachusetts to escape religious persecution
Catholics in Maryland
Quakers in Pennsylvania
Puritans in Virginia
What was Massachusetts known for?
Cash crops and plantations
New England colony; Puritans/Pilgrims founded for religious freedom; Boston major port city
Fur trading
Anti-slavery Quakers
What were the Middle colonies like?
Warm climate and cash crops
rich farmland, moderate climate, grew oats, wheat, grain, and raised livestock
Rocky soil and fishing
Missions
Who were the Quakers?
Puritans in Massachusetts
Pilgrims in Virginia
first anti-slavery group; lived in Pennsylvania
Catholics in Maryland
What were the Southern colonies like?
Moderate climate, livestock
Rocky soil, religious freedom
fertile soil, warm climate, cash crops; Transatlantic Slave Trade provided slave labor for plantations; founded mainly for economic reasons; Jamestown, Virginia
Fur trading
Why was Maryland founded?
For cash crops
For Catholics seeking religious freedom
For shipbuilding
For fur trading
What caused the growth of representative/self-government?
Slavery
Wealth and religion
distance from Britain, Pilgrim's Mayflower Compact (social contract), Virginia House of Burgesses, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, First Great Awakening, John Locke
Fur trading
What was mercantilism?
Plantation economy
British controlled colonial trade; angered colonists
Fur trade system
Religious freedom policy
What was the Proclamation of 1763?
Intolerable Acts
Treaty of Paris
law prohibited colonists from moving west of Appalachian Mountains; colonists ignored
Declaration of Independence
What is "consent of the governed"?
Slave labor rights
belief British should have colonists' permission to pass taxes; main reason for American Revolution
Fur trading rights
Religious toleration
What were the Intolerable Acts?
Mayflower Compact
British response to Boston Tea Party; colonists formed the 1st Continental Congress and sent list of complaints to KG3
Treaty of Paris
Proclamation of 1763
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
George Washington
John Locke
Thomas Jefferson; list of grievances/complaints against KG3; right to create new gov't
Alexander Hamilton
What are unalienable rights?
Religious rights
States' rights
rights all people have from birth: life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness; Declaration of Independence
Voting rights
What happened at Saratoga?
Treaty signing
turning point of war; France supported the Americans
British surrender site
Last major battle
What happened at Yorktown?
French alliance
Proclamation
last major battle; British defeated and signed Treaty of Paris recognizing U.S. independence
Turning point
What were the Articles of Confederation?
Mayflower Compact
Bill of Rights
1st gov't; weak because feared abuse of power; NO: executive branch, regulate trade; YES: negotiate treaties, declare war
Strong central government
What was the Northwest Ordinance?
Three-Fifths Compromise
Great Compromise
process for admitting new states to U.S., population requirement to apply = 60,000 settlers; territories govern themselves
Proclamation of 1763
What was the Great Compromise?
Checks and balances
New state admission
decided how many representatives large and small states would send to the bicameral Congress
How slaves counted
What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
Bill of Rights
New territories
agreement over how slaves would count for representation and taxation purposes
State representation
Who were the Federalists?
Abolitionists
Quakers
supported Constitution, wanted strong central gov't, believed it created a more stable Union; Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
Wanted more state power and bill of rights
Who were the Anti-Federalists?
Supported strong central government
against Constitution, wanted more power given to state gov'ts, wanted a bill of rights; Patrick Henry and George Mason
Pilgrims
Puritans
What are checks and balances?
New state process
Great Compromise
each branch of government has some power over the other two branches; helps to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful
Three-Fifths rule
What are citizen responsibilities?
Trade regulation
Military service
serve on juries, vote in elections, stay informed, obey laws
Pay taxes only
What is the Bill of Rights?
Proclamation of 1763
Northwest Ordinance
protects individual liberties; inspired by the English Bill of Rights; addressed some grievances listed in the DoI
Articles of Confederation
What does the 1st Amendment protect?
No cruel punishment
Speedy trial
freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition; gives citizens the right to make their own choices regarding religion; prohibits government from passing laws regarding religion
No unreasonable search
What does the 4th Amendment protect?
States' rights
Speedy trial
no unreasonable search or seizure
Freedom of speech
What does the 6th Amendment protect?
Freedom of religion
No cruel punishment
right to a fair, speedy, and public trial
No search
What does the 8th Amendment protect?
Speech
Search protection
freedom from cruel or unusual punishment and excessive bails and fines
Speedy trial
What does the 10th Amendment do?
No cruel punishment
Speedy trial
rights not given to the federal gov't are given to the states; created federalism which prevents abuse of power by central gov't
Freedom of speech
What was Hamilton's Financial Plan?
Monroe Doctrine
Louisiana Purchase
to stabilize the new economy: 1) establish National Bank, 2) pay off war debt, 3) pass whiskey tax, 4) protective tariff
Farewell Address warnings
What did Washington's Farewell Address warn about?
Interstate trade
Judicial review
having permanent foreign alliances and creating political parties
National bank
What did the Federalist Party want?
Fur trading
Religious freedom
led by Alexander Hamilton; wanted: 1) a stronger federal gov't, 2) an industrial economy, 3) a national bank
Agricultural economy, state banks
What did the Democratic-Republican Party want?
Missions
Cash crops only
led by Thomas Jefferson; wanted: 1) less federal gov't power, 2) an agricultural economy, 3) state banks
Strong federal government
What did Marbury v. Madison establish?
War of 1812
Louisiana Purchase
judicial review, which gave Supreme Court power to declare laws unconstitutional
Federal trade power
What did Gibbons v. Ogden establish?
Farewell Address
National bank
federal rule over interstate trade
Judicial review
What was the Louisiana Purchase?
Gold Rush
Mexican Cession
1803; doubled size of the U.S.; U.S. gained fertile farmland and access to Mississippi River
Oregon Territory
What was a main cause of the War of 1812?
Religious issues
Slavery debates
British impressment of U.S. sailors
Annexing Texas
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
Judicial review
U.S. policy warning European nations not to establish new colonies or interfere in the Western Hemisphere
Creation of a national bank
A law limiting interstate trade
What was Jacksonian Democracy?
Landscape art
Indian Removal
Democratic Party; voting increased; viewed by opponents as too powerful; spoils system; favored commoners—not the wealthy
Nullification Crisis
What was the Nullification Crisis?
Art movement
Indian removal
did South Carolina have the right to nullify (overturn) a federal law; argument over states' rights vs federal rights
Voting increase
What happened in Worcester v. Georgia?
Spoils system
Nullification
Indian Removal Act forced Natives off lands; Cherokee sued to keep land; Court favored Natives; Jackson ignored the Court and forced Natives to relocate to present-day Oklahoma
Voting rights
What was the Hudson River School?
Democratic Party
Nullification
artists painted landscapes and nature
Indian removal
What was an effect of the War of 1812?
Judicial review
Monroe Doctrine
U.S. manufacturing increased because of boycott of British goods
Louisiana Purchase
What was the Industrial Revolution in America?
Free enterprise only
Interchangeable parts only
new inventions helped farming and helped factories make goods faster; goods became cheaper; need for workers grew
Cotton gin only
What did the cotton gin do?
Canals
Factory work for women
expanded cotton production and the need for more agricultural labor (slaves)
Mass production
What were interchangeable parts?
Supply and demand
Textile mills
more efficient way to produce goods; led to mass production; price of goods decreased
Cotton expansion
What is free enterprise?
Industrial inventions
Cotton gin
economy with little gov't regulation; based off supply & demand; developed in response to strong colonial trade laws
Interchangeable parts
How did women’s roles change in the Industrial Revolution?
Missouri Compromise
Irish immigration
started working outside the home, mainly in textile mills
Moved to cities
What were canals?
Urbanization
Telegraph
man-made rivers; price of goods decreased; Northeast cities grew along canals (New York City); Erie Canal
Steamboats and railroads
What were steamboats and railroads?
Immigration
City growth
resulted in faster, more efficient transportation of goods; price of goods decreased
Rapid communication
What was the telegraph?
Potato famine
Factory cities
invention by Samuel Morse used to communicate rapidly over long distances
Transport
What was urbanization?
Slave/free balance
Missouri Compromise
people moved to northern cities for factory work; cities grew rapidly
Immigration causes
Who were many immigrants during the Industrial Revolution?
Southern planters
Telegraph
Irish came to U.S. because of potato famine, others came to U.S. for economic opportunity; worked in northern factories; blamed by nativists for taking jobs away
City growth
What was the Missouri Compromise?
Telegraph
Urbanization
temporarily relieved sectional differences by maintaining the balance between the number of free and slave states in the Union
Immigration
What was Manifest Destiny?
Gold Rush
Mexican War
U.S. desire to own land from coast to coast; James K. Polk; causes: 1) land = wealth, 2) population boom
Oregon division
What happened with the Oregon Territory?
Chinese railroad
Gold Rush
land divided between U.S. and Britain in a treaty; U.S. achieved goal of Manifest Destiny
Annexed Texas
What caused the U.S.-Mexican War?
Gold discovery
Oregon treaty
caused by U.S. annexing Texas; border dispute between Texas and Mexico
Manifest Destiny belief
What was the Mexican Cession?
Chinese immigration
Gold Rush
land U.S. acquired after U.S.-Mexican War in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; led to debates over expansion of slavery into new territories
Oregon
What was the California Gold Rush?
Manifest Destiny
Border dispute
population increased; Chinese immigrants came to the U.S. and later worked on Transcontinental Railroad and faced discrimination
Mexican Cession
What was the Second Great Awakening?
Abolition
Temperance
encouraged people to be more religious; caused social reform leading to Reform era
Prison reform
Who was Dorothea Dix?
Women's rights
Abolitionist
worked to improve prison conditions and create facilities for the mentally ill
Temperance leader
What was the temperance movement?
Individualism
End slavery
led by women; fought to decrease alcohol consumption
Prison reform
Who were key abolitionists?
Prison reform
Women's rights
worked to end slavery by exposing its hardships; Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin), Frederick Douglass (The North Star), Harriet Tubman (Underground Railroad), William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator)
Temperance
What was transcendentalism?
Religious revival
Temperance
led by Emerson and Thoreau; focused on ideal societies and individualism; used civil disobedience as a form of protest
Abolition
What was the women's rights movement?
Prison reform
Abolition
Seneca Falls Convention called for women's suffrage (right to vote); Declaration of Sentiments; Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Transcendentalism
What was sectionalism?
1850 Compromise
Southern economy only
region's geography impacted its economy; North built factories, South farmed, West mined; a cause of the Civil War
Northern economy only
What was the Northern economy like?
Free state only
Mining
textile mills, trade, factories, immigrant labor, some trade-related slave labor
Plantation, cotton
What was the Southern economy like?
Trade only
Mining
plantation system, slave labor; cotton produced and sent to Northern factories
Factories, immigrants
What was the Compromise of 1850?
Kansas-Nebraska
Fugitive Slave Act alone
North and South agreed; California became a free state; strict fugitive slave law was passed
Sectionalism
What was the Fugitive Slave Act?
Republican Party
Prohibited slavery
part of the Compromise of 1850; runaway slaves and free Blacks were at risk of being captured by slave hunters
Allowed vote on slavery
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
Lincoln's party
1850 Compromise
allowed Kansas settlers to vote whether or not to permit slavery in the territory; violence erupted; slavery prohibited
Fugitive Slave Law
What was the major slavery debate before the Civil War?
Sectionalism
Fugitive slaves
major debate leading up to Civil War; Republican Party (Lincoln) against its spread into new territories
Kansas violence
Who was Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War?
Appomattox
Vicksburg
Civil War U.S. president; against secession; wanted to preserve the Union
Union advantages
What were Union advantages?
Surrender site
Mississippi River
more factories, railroads, and money, and leadership of General Grant
Preserve Union
What happened at Vicksburg?
Lincoln
Advantages
Union captured Mississippi River, dividing the Confederacy in half
Surrender
What happened at Appomattox Court House?
Lincoln
Union advantages
Confederacy surrendered to Union in Virginia; ended the Civil War
Vicksburg
What was Reconstruction?
14th Amendment
13th Amendment
after the Civil War, South in financial ruin and divided into 5 military districts
Radical Republicans
Who were Radical Republicans?
Voting rights
Citizenship
took control after Lincoln’s death; punished Confederate leaders and Southerners for Civil War
Abolished slavery
What did the 13th Amendment do?
Black Codes
Voting rights
abolished slavery; African Americans were free to move wherever they wanted
Allowed vote on slavery
What did the 14th Amendment do?
Freedmen's Bureau
Voting rights
granted citizenship to African Americans; all Americans were to be treated equally under the law; reversed the Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling
Abolished slavery
What did the 15th Amendment do?
Sharecropping
Abolished slavery
gave voting rights to African American males; Southerners resisted by creating poll taxes
Citizenship
Who was Hiram Rhodes Revels?
Railroad
Freedmen's Bureau
1st African American U.S. Senator
Black Codes
What were Black Codes?
Railroad
Citizenship
laws that limited the new freedom of former slaves
Voting rights
What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?
Railroad
Sharecropping
worked to help newly freed slaves by providing: 1) education, 2) clothing/food, 3) jobs
Black Codes
What was sharecropping?
Poll taxes
Railroad
farming system in which former slaves and poor whites were trapped in a cycle of debt
Freedmen's Bureau
What was the Transcontinental Railroad?
15th Amendment
Black Codes
encouraged settlement of the West; opened new markets to sell goods; price of goods decreased; built by Irish and Chinese immigrants
Sharecropping
