Which problem were these measures intended to solve?

• Eliminated the landlord class in the “speak Bitterness campaign”,
• Redistributed the land to the peasants and encouraged them to work cooperatively in “mutual aid teams” then Lower stage APCs (1953-53) then Higher Stage APCs (1955)

^{Which problem were these measures intended to solve?}

^{· Tried to work with the “national bourgeoisie”. Compensated owners of nationalized industries and left them in place as managers in the short term.}

^{· Hired 10,000 Soviet advisors.}

^{· First Five Year Plan 1953-1957 (drawn up in 1952)}

^{- Targets: coal, steel, petrochemicals, automobile and transport industry}

^{- Several spectacular civil engineering projects, ie road and rail bridge across the Yangzi at Nanjing - According to statistics, the plan exceeded targets in most areas. (These statistics are suspect, but the achievements are nonetheless impressive, especially considering the percentage of the budget going to finance the war effort .) In addition, we need to remember that part of the increase was natural recovery from the civil war and WWII.}

^{- Economic growth rate of 9% between 1952-57}

Which problem were these measures intended to solve?

• reducing public expenditure,
• raising taxes in the cities
• replacing the old currency with the RMB.
• Confiscated the property of GMD supporters who had left the country.
• Nationalised banks, electricity and transport

Which problem were these measures intended to solve?

Help from USSR:

-1950 Treaty of Friendship Alliance and Mutual Assistance

- Soviet Aid was a loan, not a gift, and they charged interest

- China had to take out high interest loans to pay for the 10,000 Soviet Advisors

- China had to pay through the nose for Soviet arms during Korean War

War with USA

-1950-53 Chinese and Americans fight each other in the Korean War

1950- c. 1972 Chinese school children taught to view USA as the "number one enemy"

This involved chanting "Death to the American imperialists and all their running dogs" every day before classes.

What is the term for this definition?

This emphasized self-reliance of China, avoiding dependence on foreign powers, continuing revolution through each generation to prevent counter-revolution and guarantee support for the regime, class struggle – even directed at Communist party cadres, learning from the people and mass mobilisation.

What is the term for this definition?

This began in October 1950. It targeted the foreigners who had remained in China, especially Americans. Many were arrested and tried as spies. Christian churches were closed, their property seized and priests and nuns expelled from the country. By the end of 1950, almost all non-Soviet foreigners had left. Businesses, Universities and churches with foreign links came under suspicion.

What is the term for this definition?

Campaign in 1951 targeting waste, corruption and inefficiency. It was carried out through mass meetings in which officials and managers were denounced, investigated and publicly humiliated if found guilty. It served to stifle potential opposition as well as to stamp out many corrupt practices.

What is the term for this definition?

An elite group within the party who had been fully indoctrinated with its ideology and methods and were given leading roles in government administration and political education, and in the PLA. cementing CCP control of the country.

What percentage of Chinese adults was literate in 1949?

What percentage of the national budget was spent on education in the 1950s?

What percentage of Chinese primary-school aged children were in school by 1976

What percentage of the national budget was spent on health in the 1950s?

What years did the First Five-Year Plan run?

In what year were Higher Stage APCs (Agricultural Producers' Cooperatives) introduced?

What percentage of Chinese peasants had been collectivised by the end of 1956?

What term goes with this definition?

Groups of 30-50 peasant households who pooled land and labour, sharing out the proceeds at the end of the year according to the number of days worked and the amount of land each family had contributed. These were introduced in 1952-3.

By how much did agricultural productivity rise between 1953-57?

Which is Chang and Halliday's explanation for the launching of the Hundred Flowers Campaign?

How many million tons of steel were produced in 1957?

What targets for steel production was Mao promoting by the autumn of 1958?

How much steel was actually produced in 1960 (the most productive year of the Great Leap Forward)?

How much grain had China produced in 1957?

How much grain did the government claim had been produced in 1958?

How much grain did China actually produce in 1958?

How many people took part in the backyard steel campaign?

What is the term for this definition?

The system by which party and government officials, military personnel and employees of state-run enterprises were guaranteed employment and an income for life. This helped to ensure loyalty.

Which was not one of the "five black categories"?

What were Mao's four main aims in foreign policy in order of priority, according to the PPT?

Which term goes with this definition?

This was one of the causes of the Sino-Soviet split: 1) Mao disagreed with Khrushchev's policies of "peaceful coexistence" and "different roads to socialism"; Mao wanted to pursue World Revolution. The launch of Sputnik (1957) convinced him the USSR had the power and wasn't using it. Deng and Mao expounded these views at a meeting of international Socialist leaders in 1957, embarrassing the USSR 2) Mao criticized Khrushchev for signing the Nuclear Test Ban treaty of 1963 because it was collaboration with capitalists. Khrushchev accused Mao of wanting to see USSR and USA destroy each other leaving China to take over. 3) Khrushchev refused to support China when she mobilized against Taiwan in 1958. After this, the USSR withdrew its economic advisers and cancelled commercial contracts. 4) Khrushchev supplied India with MIG fighters during the Sino-Indian War of 1962. 5) Mao was critical of Khrushchev's handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Which term goes with this definition?

This was one of the causes of the Sino-Soviet Split. There were various sources of friction:

- Mao was offended by the superior air adopted by Stalin when Mao visited the USSR in 1950. He also felt the Chinese guests were treated in an offhand, disrespectful manner.

- When Khrushchev visited Mao in 1958 to try to patch things up, Mao arranged for his delegation to be put up in a hotel without air conditioning and held one round of talks in a swimming pool

- After the Albanian incident, Khrushchev abused Mao as an "Asian Hitler" and a "living corpse". Mao called Khrushchev a "redundant old boot".

Which term goes with this definition?

This was one of the causes of the Sino-Soviet Split:

-Khrushchev's criticism of Stalin's "cult of personality was seen as an oblique criticism of Mao's "cult of personality". (This was one reason for Zhou Enlai's walking out of the 1961 Moscow Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union while Khrushchev was criticizing Albania)

- Mao blamed this policy of Khrushchev's for unrest in Eastern Europe.

Which of Mao's foreign policy objectives was threatened by border disputes with the USSR?

Which of Mao's foreign policy objectives was threatened by Khrushchev's policy of peaceful coexistence?

Which of Mao's foreign policy objectives was threatened by what he perceived as insulting treatment by Stalin and Khrushchev?

Which two of Mao's foreign policy objectives were threatened by the USSR's assumption that it would lead the communist countries? Select two answers.

Which of Mao's foreign policy objectives was sacrificed when China broke with the USSR?

Which of Mao's overall foreign policy objectives contributed to these events?

• Korean War (1950-53)
• Resist America and Aid Korea Campaign (1950)
• “Peaceful Liberation of Tibet and Xinjiang”
• Sino-Soviet Split
• Shanghai Communiqué, 1972

Which of Mao's overall foreign policy objectives contributed to these events?

• 1950 Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance with the USSR
• Support for independence movements in Zimbabwe, D.R. Congo, Angola and many others
• 1971 took over China’s seat on the UN Security Council
• 1972 Shanghai Communiqué

Which of Mao's overall foreign policy objectives contributed to these events?

•Korean War (1950-53)

•Support for North Vietnam in the Vietnam Wars 1954-75

•Supported Khmer Rouge in Cambodia 1970-79

•Support for independence movements in Zimbabwe, D.R. Congo, Angola and many others

Who said this?

"I found comrade Wang Yan sitting apart watching everyone eat lunch. He answered, 'This morning I ate two boxes, so I didn't bring any food.' So I took my own lunch box and gave it to him to eat. Even though I was a little hungry, letting him eat his fill was my greatest happiness...'"

Who was this?

Member of the Gang of Four. Shanghai writer and journalist whose radical articles helped publicize the ideology of the Cultural Revolution. He led the Shanghai revolutionary committee during the Cultural Revolution. In 1969 he was appointed to the Politburo. In 1975 he was appointed second deputy Prime Minister. After Mao's death, he was arrested and sentenced to death (commuted to life in prison).

Who was this?

Shanghai literary critic who criticized the play Hai Rui Dismissed from Office in a Shanghai newspaper in November 1965, kicking off the Cultural Revolution. During the Cultural Revolution, he was an active member of "Proletarian Writers for Purity" and he edited the "Liberation Daily" newspaper in Shanghai. In 1969 he was appointed to the Politburo. After Mao's death in 1976 he was arrested and sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.

What was the official name of the "Little Red Book"

Who was this?

During the Cultural Revolution he was denounced and imprisoned in conditions deliberately designed to break his health. He died in solitary confinement in 1969, lying in his own excrement and denied medical treatment. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1980.

Who was this?

From 1945 he served as Foreign Minister and Prime Minister, in charge of the day-to day running of the government. During the Cultural Revolution, he was one of the only leaders never purged. He is credited with protecting a lot of people and artifacts from the worst excesses of the Cultural Revolution.

Who was this?

During the Cultural Revolution, he was sent to work in a factory and his son was persecuted until he attempted suicide, ending as a parapalegic.

What was this?

This was a short-lived government in Shanghai established by Yao Wenyaun and Zhang Chunqiao, who thought they had Mao's support. The Red Guards had taken the city. Their pan was to bypass the party structure and elect officials directly. Mao quickly stepped in to insist that the party had to be involved.

What was this?

This was an effort by the Politburo to bring things under control in 1967. Mao was persuaded to prohibit attacks on the PLA, to criticize Chen Boda and Jiang Qing and to reopen the high schools. Some PLA commanders began suppressing the Red Guards in their areas. Unfortunately, Mao quickly changed his mind, reversed everything and court martialled the PLA commanders who had taken action.

What was this?

A new form of government for Shanghai established in February 1967 after Mao came out in opposition to the Shanghai Commune. In this model of government, the city was to be governed jointing by Red Guards, the PLA and the CCP. This model was followed all over China. It gave the army (and Lin Biao) enormous power.

When did Mao swim across the Yangzi River at Wuhan?

When did Mao move back to Beijing?

When did the first group of Red Guards form?

When did mass struggle sessions against Liu Shaoqi begin?

When did Red Guards allied with elements of the PLA take over Shanghai, Beijing and six other provinces?

When did leading members of the politburo briefly convince Mao to restrain the Red Guards, only to have him reverse the decision?

When did Mao finally authorise the PLA to crack down on the Red Guards and take over the targeting of "bad elements".

When was the Cultural Revolution officially declared complete?

How much grain did China actually produce in 1958?

Who was this?

Member of the Gang of Four. Shanghai writer and journalist whose radical articles helped publicize the ideology of the Cultural Revolution. He led the Shanghai revolutionary committee during the Cultural Revolution. In 1969 he was appointed to the Politburo. In 1975 he was appointed second deputy Prime Minister. After Mao's death, he was arrested and sentenced to death (commuted to life in prison).

When did Mao move back to Beijing?

When did mass struggle sessions against Liu Shaoqi begin?

When did leading members of the politburo briefly convince Mao to restrain the Red Guards, only to have him reverse the decision?

What was the estimated number of deaths in the Cultural Revolution?

What was the estimated number of deaths in the countryside between 1968-1971?

What is the closest approximation to the number of city youth sent to the countryside between 1968-72?

What is the closest approximation to the number of party members sent to the May 7 Cadre Schools?

How many of the 23 members of the 1966 Politiburo lost their positions or worse during the Cultural Revolution?

What percentage of high ranking national officials was purged during the Cultural Revolution?

What percentage of high ranking provincial and regional officials was purged during the Cultural Revolution?

What is the correct definition for this term?

This fell 13% in 1967 and further in 1968, but it recovered to 1966 levels in 1969 and began growing slowly from 1971 onward.

Who was this?

Member of the Gang of Four. Shanghai writer and journalist whose radical articles helped publicize the ideology of the Cultural Revolution. He led the Shanghai revolutionary committee during the Cultural Revolution. In 1969 he was appointed to the Politburo. In 1975 he was appointed second deputy Prime Minister. After Mao's death, he was arrested and sentenced to death (commuted to life in prison).

Which is the most complete description of the ways Mao moved against Lin Biao in 1970-71?

Which is the most complete description of the impact of the death of Lin Biao?

Who was rejected as Mao's successor for being unpopular, as well as "greedy for power, haughty, vain and incompetent" (Philip Short)?

Who was rejected as Mao's successor for being too old and too moderate?

Who was rejected as Mao's successor for lacking political experience and independence of mind?

Who was rejected as Mao's successor for being too closely associated with the radical faction and lacking the stature to command respect across the party?

Which is the most complete explanation for Mao's rehabilitating Deng Xiaoping in 1973 and his rapid promotions in 1974 and 75?

Who was this?

This relatively unknown party member was appointed Mao's successor in 1976. As it was clear that Mao was dying, this person quickly set about making allies in preparation for a showdown with the Gang of Four. The Gang of Four did the same.

Who was this?

When the universities reopened in 1973, this person handed in a blank entrance exam with a letter explaining that he had been working 18 hour days in the countryside and did not have time to study. This caused the party to scrap the university entrance exam and admit students purely based on recommendations about their ideological purity.