In which pathological process is there an increase in the size of the sarcoplasm of cardiomyocytes and their nuclei?

What type of hypertrophy develops when the heart chamber narrows due to thickening of the ventricular wall?

Name the disease that is accompanied by excessive accumulation of air in the lungs:

What causes the development of cor pulmonale in bronchiectasis?

Which bronchopneumonia is characterized by necrosis and purulent inflammation of the lung tissue?

What is the type of inflammation that develops in croupous pneumonia called?

What is the name of the type of pneumonia that occurs when venous congestion develops in the lungs?

What is the process of the lungs turning into dense, fleshy, airless tissue called?

On which day of the disease does the red liver stage develop in croupous pneumonia?

On which day of the disease does the gray liver stage develop in croupous pneumonia?

On which day of the disease does the period of heavy bleeding develop in croupous pneumonia?

On which day of the disease does the resolution phase develop in croupous pneumonia?

Name the extrapulmonary complication of croupous pneumonia with hematogenous spread of infection

Name the extrapulmonary complication of croupous pneumonia with lymphogenous spread of infection

At what stage of croupous pneumonia is microbial pulmonary edema and acute hemorrhagic shock detected?

What is the composition of the exudate during the gray phase of croupous pneumonia?

What is the composition of the exudate during the red phase of croupous pneumonia?

What is the composition of the exudate during the period of profuse bleeding of croupous pneumonia?

The type of focal pneumonia, depending on the spread of the process

What is the name of the disease in which excessive air accumulates in the lungs?

When a purulent infection joins the inflammatory process in the lungs, a pathological process in the blood develops:

Pathological process characterized by fibrosis, destruction, remodeling, and deformation of the lung:

What pathology develops in the kidneys during bronchiectasis:

What is the alternative name for the lungs in viral pneumonia:

Diseases accompanied by the development of bronchogenic abscess include:

Which of the following is a type of chronic lung disease?

The pathogen that causes the development of a destructive process in the lungs is:

What pathological process develops in chronic venous insufficiency in the lungs?

Histological sign of Barrett's esophagus

Morphological type of chronic gastritis

How is hepatitis B transmitted?

Signs of a stomach ulcer flare-up: ~ fibrinoid necrosis, inflammation #mucous membrane atrophy #occurrence of polypous growth #scar deformity, stenosis Which of the following is a sign of a stomach ulcer flare-up?

Destructive complication of peptic ulcer disease: Fill in the blank with one destructive complication of peptic ulcer disease.

A common factor in the development of peptic ulcer disease: Fill in the blank with one common factor in the development of peptic ulcer disease.

What pathological process is determined at the basis of gangrenous appendicitis?

Macroscopic sign of phlegmonous appendicitis: Fill in the blank with one macroscopic sign of phlegmonous appendicitis.

Inflammatory disease of the stomach lining: Fill in the blank with the name of the inflammatory disease of the stomach lining.

Which of the following are types of inflammation of the digestive tract?

Histological sign of Barrett's esophagus:

How is hepatitis B transmitted?

A 43-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis died of posthemorrhagic anemia. Possible sources of bleeding:

Destructive complications of chronic ulcers include:

Hydropic dystrophy of hepatocytes is characteristic of which hepatitis:

The background condition for the development of gastric adenoma is a type of gastritis:

Microscopic signs of purulent gastritis:

Signs of a stomach ulcer flare-up:

What disease is characteristic of the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis?

A gallstone was found in a young woman in the area of the sphincter of Oddi, blocking the entrance to the hepatic ampulla. These changes are typical of which type of jaundice?

What is the process of fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity called?

Histological examination of the liver revealed fatty degeneration of hepatocytes and leukocyte infiltration. Which of the following diagnoses is likely?

Types of chronic gastritis according to the mechanism of development:

Which of the following macroscopic changes in the liver is characteristic of acute toxic dystrophy of the liver?

A 65-year-old man with alcohol abuse died of acute myocardial infarction while presenting with signs of renal failure. At autopsy, the liver was firm in consistency, uneven in surface, and yellow-brown in color. Which of the following changes is characteristic of the liver?

List the possible diagnoses from the following: cirrhosis, carcinoma, melanosis.

A 43-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis died of posthemorrhagic anemia. List the possible sources of bleeding:

List the types of glomerulonephritis depending on the spread of the inflammatory process:

List the hereditary glomerulopathy diseases:

List the stages of acute renal failure:

List the morphological types of acute glomerulonephritis:

Clinical and morphological characteristics of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis:

Alternative name for kidney in amyloidosis:

Alternative name for the kidney in extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis:

Infectious disease of the renal pelvis and calyx and interstitial tissue of the renal parenchyma:

The main pathogenetic mechanism of the development of necrotic nephrosis during shock is:

Microscopic alternative name for extracapillary productive glomerulonephritis is:

Which of the following are crescent-shaped formations?

What causes kidney enlargement in extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis?

What rare form of chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by the accumulation of foamy macrophages and plasma cells, lymphocytes, and giant cells?

What is the alternative name for the heart in chronic renal failure?

Atherosclerosis of the renal arteries is characterized by the development of which pathological change?

What morphological process does acute pyelonephritis belong to?

Characteristics of the kidneys in chronic renal failure:

The kidneys are symmetrically reduced, the surface is finely granular. When the tissue is cut, the cortical layer is thinned, and adipose tissue growth is detected near the islets:

Alternative name for the kidney in arterial hypertension:

An inflammatory disease of the kidneys accompanied by damage to the renal tubules and islets:

Which of the following is NOT a type of kidney damage?

Morphological type of "crescent" glomerulonephritis:

What is the outcome of chronic glomerulonephritis called:

What is the synonym for kidney stone disease?

What cells multiply in the renal glomerulus in intracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis?

Alternative name for kidney damage resulting from chronic glomerulonephritis:

A 50-year-old woman presents with sweating, tachycardia, weight loss, and exophthalmos. The thyroid gland is enlarged. The blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone is low, and the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are high. Which of the following conclusions is most likely?

A 51-year-old woman complains of increased appetite, thirst, polyuria, dry and itchy skin, and frequent purulent diseases. Hyperglycemia and glucosuria. After examination, the patient was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which of the following microscopic changes in the pancreas is most likely?

A diabetic man was diagnosed with glycosuria. Microscopic examination of the kidney revealed parenchymal carbohydrate dystrophy. Which of the following dyes highlights changes in kidney tissue?

A 38-year-old woman with diabetes underwent a liver biopsy. Microscopic examination of the biopsy revealed hepatocyte dystrophy. Which of the following dystrophies is most likely?

A 35-year-old woman with diabetes underwent a liver biopsy. Microscopic examination of the biopsy revealed fatty degeneration of hepatocytes. Which of the following microscopic changes in the liver is most likely?

A diabetic man was diagnosed with glycosuria. Microscopic examination of the kidney revealed parenchymal carbohydrate dystrophy. Which of the following microscopic changes is most likely?

A man had been drinking alcohol for a long time. After another drink, he developed acute abdominal pain. The patient was taken to the emergency room of a hospital, where a sharp increase in serum amylase was detected during examination. Which of the following conclusions is most likely?

A 51-year-old man complains of increased appetite, thirst, polyuria, dry and itchy skin, and frequent purulent diseases. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria. After examination, the patient was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which of the following microscopic changes in the pancreas is most likely?

The results of the material obtained after the operation of the thyroid gland were sent to the Department of Pathology. During the morphological examination, a dense pale gray nodule with a diameter of 5 cm, consisting of cysts and petrifications, was detected. During the histological examination, follicles of various sizes were enlarged, filled with keloids, and the epithelium was flattened. Which of the following conclusions is most likely?

The results of the material obtained after the thyroid operation were sent to the Department of Pathology. Histological examination revealed atrophic changes in the tissue parenchyma, diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, and the formation of lymphoid follicles that did not affect the capsule of the organ. Which of the following conclusions is most likely?

Patient T., 63 years old, got out of bed in the morning and noticed a loss of balance, dizziness and nausea, and hoarseness. About an hour later, signs of paralysis appeared on the left half of the body. During neurological examination: paresis of the soft palate on the left; horizontal nystagmus is observed, which is more pronounced when looking to the side, and when looking to the left. Which of the following conclusions is most likely?

Patient A., 80 years old, developed a cough with yellowish sputum, then a severe headache. On admission, the patient's consciousness was confused. Body temperature - 39.4 °C, respiratory rate - 16 in 1 min, pulse - 100 in 1 min, blood pressure - 110/60 mm Hg, meningeal signs are detected. The cerebrospinal fluid is cloudy, with a pronounced cellularity of up to 1500 (90% - neutrophils), a reduced glucose content, and an increased protein level. Which of the following conclusions is most likely?

Patient A., 82 years old, developed a cough with yellowish sputum, then a severe headache. On admission, the patient was confused. Body temperature was 39.4°C, respiratory rate was 16 per minute, pulse was 100 per minute, blood pressure was 110/60 mm Hg, meningeal signs were detected. The cerebrospinal fluid was cloudy, with a clear cellularity of up to 1500 (90% neutrophils), a decreased glucose level, and an increased protein level. The final clinical diagnosis was acute purulent meningitis. Which of the following macroscopic changes is characteristic of acute purulent meningitis?

Patient A., 81 years old, developed a cough with yellowish sputum, then a severe headache. On admission, the patient was confused. Body temperature was 39.4°C, respiratory rate was 16 per minute, pulse was 100 per minute, blood pressure was 110/60 mm Hg, meningeal signs were detected. The cerebrospinal fluid was cloudy, with a clear cellularity of up to 1500 (90% neutrophils), a decreased glucose level, and an increased protein level. The final clinical diagnosis was acute purulent meningitis.

A 40-year-old woman came to the clinic with complaints of high blood pressure. During the examination, it was revealed that she was overweight and suffered from hypodynamia. After some time, the patient died. The patient was diagnosed with ischemic cerebral infarction. What macroscopic brain changes do you think this woman has:

A 55-year-old man with a 15-year history of hypertension has recently complained of fatigue and facial edema. Examination revealed proteinuria and a markedly elevated serum creatinine level. The man died of chronic renal failure. Describe the macroscopic appearance of the kidney.

A 58-year-old man, suffering from hypertension for the last few years, turned to the doctor with complaints of shortness of breath during physical exertion, palpitations, and aching pains in the heart. The specified symptomatology has been observed during the last year. Arterial pressure is 170/90 mm.rt.st. Describe the macroscopic change and the figurative name in the heart.

During the autopsy of a patient with atherosclerosis who died of myocardial infarction, stenotic atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and a new obturation thrombus were found in the left femoral artery. What pathological process could develop in the left leg?

A patient suffering from arterial hypertension for 15 years has recently started complaining of weakness, fatigue, and polyuria. Examination revealed: protein and casts in the urine, increased creatinine and urea in the blood. The patient died from renal failure. Name the pathological process in the kidneys?

When the patient was admitted to the clinic, he complained of severe abdominal pain and weakness. After a few minutes, he lost consciousness, his pulse was weak. An operation was performed. About 1500 ml of blood was detected in the abdominal cavity, and the aorta was swollen like a sac in the abdominal part. What change in the aorta is characteristic of blood pouring into the abdominal cavity?

An 80-year-old man was admitted to the clinic with heart failure. In the anamnesis - 2 years ago there was a transmural myocardial infarction. He died from the development of cardiovascular insufficiency. Microscopic examination revealed large-focal cardiosclerosis of the heart tissue. Describe the microscopic changes and staining used to clarify the diagnosis.

Yellow or yellow-gray foci (spots) were found in the inner layer of the aorta of a 50-year-old deceased man, which sometimes merge to form stripes, but do not rise above the intimal surface. Describe the microscopic changes in the inner layer of the aorta and the stain used to clarify the diagnosis

A 55-year-old man had three acute myocardial infarctions. He died during recurrent angina. Describe the macroscopic changes in the heart