When this future king was born, his father was mayor of the palace of the Frankish king. He was king of the Franks and Lombards and first emperor of what would become the Holy Roman Empire. Who was this warrior king?

He was killed in 1521 in the Philippines and a waterway at the tip of South America is named for him. What Portuguese navigator's name is attached to the first around-the-world voyage?

This leader was the Roman governor under Emperor Tiberius. According to Christian scriptures, he sat in judgment over Jesus and is said to have ordered the crucifixion. Who was this governor?

What treaty divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal?

According to tradition, he was working on his farm when appointed dictator to rescue a surrounded army. After fulfilling his duty, he resigned and returned to his farm. Who has his name adopted by an American patriotic society and Ohio River city?

This navigator's voyages opened the sea route from western Europe to Asia by way of the Cape of Good Hope. The Portuguese king dispatched Pedro Alvares Cabral after his return from the first voyage to India. Who was this Portuguese navigator?

This man spent roughly 18 years of his 27-year imprisonment on Robben Island. He became the first black president of his country from 1994 to 1999, focusing on tackling racism caused by apartheid. What South African anti-apartheid activist died in 2013?

She was named Araminta Ross as a slave but took her mother's first name and husband's last name. After her escape, she became a leading abolitionist and helped hundreds reach freedom. Who was this former slave known as the "conductor" of the Underground Railroad?

This ancient city controlled commercial traffic between the Aegean and Ionian seas. After Romans destroyed it in 146 B.C., they rebuilt it as a Roman colony a century later. What was this Greek city?

This civilization developed in the third millennium B.C. and included Nippur, Larsa, and Ur. As its power diminished, it was attacked by the Elamites and Akkadians. What was the earliest known civilization?

Following Andrea Leadsom's withdrawal, this person was elected successor to David Cameron in July 2016. As prime minister, this leader was charged with leading Brexit completion. Who was the second woman to serve as prime minister of the United Kingdom?

This ruler established the first Semitic dynasty in Mesopotamia and is considered one of the earliest great empire builders. According to legend, he was found as a baby floating in a basket on the river. Who was this ruler?

This sailor spent time in Portugal's service in the Indian Ocean before turning to Spain to finance his most famous voyage. His crew was a mixture of Spanish and Portuguese sailors. Who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the Earth but failed to complete the trip himself?

This ancient king brought peace to his land and gained domination over all of Greece. His son would extend this empire to lands reaching India and Egypt. Who was the father of Alexander the Great?

His armies overthrew the Persian empire and he ventured as far as India before dying in Babylon at age 33. He followed his father Philip as king of Macedonia in 336 B.C. Who spread Greek culture throughout the Middle East?

This ancient philosopher and scientist pioneered the study of zoology and founded the Lyceum school. He was a student of Plato and is often considered the founder of logic. Who was this Greek philosopher?

This explorer's son was among the first to reach North America from Europe. He founded the first European settlement in Greenland around 985 A.D. Who was the father of Leif Eriksson?

This navigator's life likely ended when he and his son were abandoned by mutineers in a small boat. He had led searches for passages to Asia by both northeast and northwest routes. Who has his name attached to a river in New York and a bay in Canada?

This teacher and philosopher's ideas have influenced East Asian civilization for centuries. He has been known as Master Kong throughout Chinese history. By what name do we know China's most famous teacher?

This explorer founded the first European settlement on Puerto Rico and is credited with leading the first expedition to reach Florida. He is said to have searched for the Fountain of Youth. Who was this Spanish explorer?

He was the legendary first king of a united Egypt and is credited with founding Memphis, capital of the Old Kingdom. Who is this legendary king identified with Egyptian kings bearing the names Scorpion, Narmer, and Aha?

Legends have grown about this Catholic saint, including that he drove snakes from Ireland into the sea. He is said to have explained the Holy Trinity using a three-leaved shamrock. Who was the patron saint of Ireland?

This ancient Greek is credited with establishing ethical standards in medical practice and is traditionally regarded as the father of medicine. What Greek has the Hippocratic Oath attributed to him?

This Conquistador led an expedition of eleven ships to the Yucatan peninsula and founded Veracruz before setting out for the Mexican interior. He was joined by other Native Americans in his conquest of the Aztecs. Who was this leader?

He was head of a Panama settlement in 1511 and learned from natives about a sea and land to the south rich in gold. He was the first European to view the eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean. Who was this Spanish explorer?

This Native American leader's head was displayed on a pole at Plymouth for twenty-five years. He led a confederation including the Wampanoag and Narragansett peoples in war against Plymouth Colony in 1675. Who was this leader?

This Englishman was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I but imprisoned by King James I. He led an expedition to Venezuela searching for a supposed city of gold and sponsored the failed Roanoke colony. Who was this adventurer?

His leadership and generosity enabled English settlers at Plymouth to survive their first winter. He led the Wampanoag tribe and maintained peace with settlers throughout his life, teaching them survival skills. Who was this chief?

After his father's death in 1035, he was accepted as duke of Normandy. He made a pact with King Edward of England to become Edward's heir and had to invade England in 1066 to gain the throne. Who was this conqueror?

This general drove Washington's forces out of New Jersey and defeated General Gates in South Carolina. He marched through North Carolina into Virginia and established a base at Yorktown. Who was forced to surrender following a siege by American troops and French warships?

This ancient historian traveled throughout the Persian Empire and across Egypt and North Africa. He produced the first great narrative history of the ancient world. Who is this Greek best known for his History of the Greco-Persian Wars?

This military leader led Carthaginian forces in the Second Punic War against Rome. He marched his forces overland through Spain and Gaul into the Roman Republic. What general was finally defeated by Romans after crossing the Alps?

This ancient philosopher wrote the Apology and the Crito. He was a student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle. Who founded the Academy and authored Republic?

This Roman was victorious in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history and was appointed dictator without term limits. He voluntarily stepped down after completing government reforms. Who was this dictator?

This king is said to have married a Median princess and built hanging gardens for her. He was considered the greatest king of the Chaldean dynasty of Babylonia and is described as the conqueror of Jerusalem. Who was this king?

He was defeated by Octavian in the last civil wars that led to the Roman Empire. He was a Roman general under Julius Caesar and after Caesar's death became one of three rulers. Who later joined Cleopatra to rule the eastern Republic?

This king fought in the Third Crusade and was a son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. His reputation for bravery gave him his nickname. Who was this English king?

This ancient philosopher's teachings are known only through others' writings. He was controversial in Athens and was mocked in comic plays. What Greek philosopher was sentenced to death by poison after being found guilty of impiety?

This king founded the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt and was husband of Nofretari and father of Amenhotep I. Who unified Egypt after expelling the Hyksos from the Nile delta?

This navigator commanded the second major expedition to India and is credited as the first European to reach what became Brazil. He was to sail southwestward before turning eastward around Africa's tip. Who was this explorer?

This Anglo-Saxon king's biography shows him as compassionate and conscious of kingly responsibilities. He encouraged learning and translated important books into English. Who repeatedly defeated Danish invaders during the ninth century?

He gave the name "Canada" to the area around present-day Quebec City and explored the Canadian coast and St. Lawrence River. He spent two winters at Quebec and returned to France with worthless stones he thought were gold and diamonds. Who was this explorer?

This navigator did much exploration for France and died when captured by cannibals in the Lesser Antilles. He led the expedition that first sighted New York City's harbor, where a bridge now stands in his honor. Who was this Italian explorer?

This Jesuit priest helped collect information about the upper Mississippi River with a fellow Frenchman. He died on a missionary journey to Native Americans in Illinois. Who has a university in Milwaukee named for him?

As a Crusader, this European monarch hoped to send ships around Africa to attack Arabs from the rear. He wanted access to gold and ivory trade and outfitted expeditions to follow the route around Africa. Who was this prince of Portugal?

This fourteenth-century inventor's fame rests on his most famous invention. He combined a press, oil-based ink, and movable type, with his printed masterpiece being a Bible. Who was this German printer?

This city of Byzantium was conquered by the first Roman emperor to adopt Christianity and renamed in his honor. He made it his capital rather than Rome. What city was named for Emperor Constantine?

This explorer was navigator for a Spanish voyage and is believed to have discovered the Amazon River's mouth. He then made a voyage for Portugal and found that western lands were not Asia but a new land. Who has his name attached to this new land?

This explorer was knighted for his role against the Spanish Armada. Earlier he preyed on French shipping and sought the Northwest Passage along Canada's northeast coast. Who reached Labrador and Baffin Island to find the bay bearing his name?

This explorer founded Quebec and spent three winters in Acadia, exploring down the Atlantic coast to Massachusetts Bay. He discovered the lake named for him that forms the border between New York and Vermont. Who was this Frenchman?

This Persian king ruled a kingdom stretching from the Aegean Sea to the Indus River during the sixth century B.C. Greek historians called him tolerant and ideal, and he liberated Jews in Babylonian captivity. Who was this king?

This emperor's madness and outrageous behavior led the Senate to condemn him and the guard to replace him. Legend says this Roman emperor blamed Christians for Rome's burning, though many believed he caused it. Who was this emperor?

This Spanish explorer led the expedition that destroyed French Fort Caroline in Florida and established St. Augustine. He founded a string of forts as far north as South Carolina's coast. Who was this explorer?

This navigator sailed as master aboard one of Magellan's five vessels. Following Magellan's death in the Philippines, he took command and safely brought the last ships home to Spain, completing the first circumnavigation. Who was this navigator?

This explorer set out to discover the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola and successfully discovered landmarks like the Grand Canyon. His forces explored the American Southwest but failed to find treasure. Who was this Spanish explorer?

This explorer participated in Central America and Peru conquests before venturing into the southeastern United States. His final expedition began near Tampa and moved through Georgia into the Carolinas and Tennessee. Who died after crossing the Mississippi into Louisiana?

This explorer led four voyages for Spain, seeking a direct route from Europe to East Asia. His first voyage was inspired by Spanish monarchs' desire to reach Asia before Portugal. Who was granted 'Admiral of the Ocean Sea' before his 1492 voyage?

This naval officer led forces that overcame Barbary Coast pirates and held important commands during the War of 1812. His name has been given to cities in Alabama, Georgia, and Illinois. Who was this American officer?

This ancient Greek encouraged Athens to oppose Philip of Macedon and his son in their conquest attempts. His recorded speeches tell us about Athens' political, economic, and social life. Who is considered the greatest ancient Greek orator?

This saint's "Ecclesiastical History of the English People" is an important source on Anglo-Saxon conversion to Christianity. His Bible commentaries led to copies being placed in libraries across western Europe. Who developed the method of dating events from Christ's birth?

This Prussian officer helped bring order and discipline to Continental troops during their Valley Forge winter. His training program included marching in column and using weapons efficiently. Who wrote the military guide used by American troops for the rest of the war?

This traveler's writings were largely responsible for Europeans seeking better trade routes to Asia. His travels with his father and uncle took him to Kublai Khan's court. Who spent time as an administrator for the Khan before returning to Venice?

This ancient city was located in northwestern Anatolia and is associated with a great battle described in Homer's Iliad. What place is associated with the great beauty Helen and soldiers who fought the Greeks?

Between the Roman Empire's decline and the age of exploration, these people were most successful in handling Europe-Asia trade. Behind their tales of The Thousand and One Nights lay knowledge of their sailors and traders. Who dominated eastern sea routes with Ethiopians and Parthians?

This ancient city was the capital of the first Sumerian dynasty and was located southeast of Babylon. In early history it had Persian Gulf access, but remains are now in desert. What city was Abraham's home before moving to Canaan according to Hebrew scripture?

This hero is known through stories written about a king who didn't want to die. In one story, he seeks a flood survivor to learn how to escape death. What hero is known from twelve clay tablets found at Nineveh?

This founder of a major religion lived in northern India between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C. In Sanskrit, his popular name means "Awakened One." Who was this teacher?

This African kingdom sat across trade routes from Egypt to the Red Sea. In the eighth century B.C., it controlled all of Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea. What kingdom was in ancient Nubia in northeastern Africa?

This ancient king ruled a kingdom stretching from the Aegean to the Indus River during the sixth century B.C. Greek historians described him as tolerant and ideal, calling him father of his people. Who liberated Jews in Babylonian captivity?

This ancient philosopher and scientist pioneered zoology study and founded the Lyceum school. He was Plato's student and Aristotle's teacher and is considered the founder of logic study. Who was this Greek?

This ancient city was described by Herodotus as the world's most splendid city during the fifth century B.C. It was Nebuchadnezzar's empire capital and home to the Hanging Gardens. What city was this?

This ancient king was a ruler of the first Amorite dynasty of Babylon. His legal decisions are inscribed on a stone slab in the Louvre Museum. What king is best known for his code of laws?

This ancient mathematician invented a water-raising device still used today and constructed war machines that helped Syracuse repel Romans. Who was killed when Romans overran and sacked the town?

This ancient city was located in northwestern Anatolia and Homer's Iliad was written about a great battle there. What place is associated with Helen's great beauty and the Trojan War?

This Roman emperor was originally named Gaius Octavius but was also known as Octavian. He was the first Roman emperor following his great-uncle's destruction of the Roman Republic. Whose adopted name is reflected in our eighth month?

This celebrated leader was assassinated in 44 B.C. on the Ides of March. His last name translates as Kaiser in German and tsar in Slavic languages. Whose popular given name is reflected in our seventh month?

This ancient king brought peace to his land and gained domination over all Greece. His son extended this empire to lands reaching India and Egypt. Who was Alexander the Great's father?

This statesman was largely responsible for Athenian democracy development and led Athens during the Peloponnesian War. He was responsible for Acropolis construction in Athens. Who was this leader?

This ancient city was the capital of the first Sumerian dynasty, located southeast of Babylon. Early in history it had Persian Gulf access, but remains are now in desert. According to Hebrew scripture, what city was Abraham's home before moving to Canaan?

This vast empire's breakup near the fourteenth century's end threatened European merchants following land routes to the East. It had provided safe East-West passage, leaving trade caravans subject to attacks. What empire was once led by Genghis Khan?

This imperial dynasty controlled China during the Roman Empire's Mediterranean spread and was responsible for much considered Chinese culture. What dynasty existed after the Zhou and Qin dynasties?

This structure was built around 280 B.C. on Pharos island in an Egyptian harbor and was said to be over 350 feet high. What structure had a fire burning near its top at night in Alexandria?

This ancient city was located in northwestern Anatolia and Homer's Iliad described a great battle there. What place fought Greeks during the Trojan War and is associated with Helen's beauty?

This organization was the dominant social force during Middle Ages Europe. Its authority was sometimes challenged by local kings wanting to exert their own ideas. What organization's head resided in Rome but influenced most of Europe?

This aptly named pandemic occurred in fourteenth-century Europe and would later be determined as transmitted by flea bites. What name was given to this plague outbreak killing millions?

This island served as a base for adventurers who later established Greenland settlements. It was likely settled by Irish colonists two centuries earlier. From what island did Erik the Red set forth on his Greenland journey in the late 10th century?

This ancient city was described by Herodotus as the world's most splendid city during the fifth century B.C. It was Nebuchadnezzar's empire capital and home to one of the seven ancient wonders. What city contained the Hanging Gardens?

This building features a great dome with a circular hole at the top to admit sunlight. Its plain exterior contrasts with its magnificent interior. What circular Roman building had the largest dome built for over a century?

This structure extended coast to coast across northern Britain to prevent barbarian invasions. What wall was named for the Roman emperor who had it built in the second century A.D.?

This company was formed in 1555 by Sebastian Cabot and London merchants to establish Russian trade links and search for a northeast passage to China. What company took one of its names from Russia's capital city?

When this free-standing structure was dedicated in 80 A.D., the ceremony included a hundred days of games. Its upper story was completed by Emperor Domitian two years later. What giant amphitheater is this?

This ancient people's civilization reached its height in the sixth century B.C. on the Italian peninsula. Much of their culture was adopted by Romans who succeeded them in power. Who formed the most powerful pre-Roman Italian nation?

This ancient city's ruling class devoted itself to war and diplomacy, neglecting arts and literature to forge a great army instead. What Greek city defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian War?

This ancient people invaded Egypt but were repelled and settled along Palestine's coast. Their expansion brought conflict with Israelites as described in the Samson saga. Whose champion was said killed by David's sling rock?

This people of Mesoamerica arose in the tenth century and their ruler introduced the Quetzalcoatl cult, adopting its name. Who were defeated by the Aztecs in the mid-12th century?

In the late sixth century, he was chosen by the pope to lead monks to England. Their successes led to his becoming bishop of the English. Who was the first archbishop of Canterbury?

This monk is considered the father of Western monasticism and Pope Paul VI proclaimed him Europe's patron saint in 1964. Who was this Italian monk?

This Catholic saint was also a national heroine of France and led the French army to victory at Orleans during the Hundred Years' War. Who was this peasant girl captured, tried as a heretic, and burned at the stake?