ESP (English for Specific Purposes)

CALL (Computer-Assisted Language Learning)

TBLT (Task-Based Language Teaching)

CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning)

TPR (Total Physical Response)

Upper-Intermediate / Independent User

Beginner / Basic User

Advanced / Proficient User

Elementary / Waystage

Mastery / C2

Students teach the teacher the lesson

Students study theory at home and practice in class

The classroom furniture is rearranged daily

Learning only occurs through physical movement

Teachers record lessons and never meet students

Input that is exclusively in the learner’s native language

Input that consists only of words the learner already knows

Language input that is slightly above the learner’s current level $$(i+1)$$

Academic text that is difficult to understand without a dictionary

Listening to radio static to improve focus

To assign a final grade at the end of a semester

To monitor student learning and provide ongoing feedback

To compare students against national averages

To punish students for making grammar mistakes

To select students for elite universities

Strategic competence

Grammatical competence

Sociolinguistic competence

Discourse competence

Phonological competence

Strict adherence to a textbook

Building physical structures for language labs

Temporary support provided by a teacher to help a student reach a goal

Testing students without any prior preparation

Correcting every single mistake a student makes

Anxiety and low motivation can block language acquisition

Emotions have no impact on cognitive processes

Students learn best when they are afraid of the teacher

Language is stored in a biological filter in the brain

Only children have emotional barriers in learning

Memorizing the phonetic alphabet

Completing 100 grammar exercises per lesson

Repeating sentences after the teacher

Translating sentences from L2 to L1

Using language to complete a specific, real-world objective

Applying game-design elements in non-game contexts to increase engagement

Playing video games instead of studying

Only teaching through sports and physical education

Eliminating all forms of assessment

Forcing students to compete until one fails

Teachers changing their native accent

The process of cleaning language laboratories

Students forgetting everything after a holiday

The influence of testing on teaching and learning

The use of water-based markers on whiteboards

Critical thinking, collaboration, and digital literacy

Memorizing historical dates of the target country

Perfect handwriting and calligraphy

Ability to use a bilingual paper dictionary

Silent individual work without communication

Using only audio recordings

Mixing two different languages in one sentence

Studying two subjects at the same time

Learning without any teacher supervision

A mix of online digital media and traditional classroom methods

The ability to communicate effectively with people from other cultures

The ability to speak five different languages fluently

Knowing the names of all world capitals

Refusing to use one's own culture in communication

Living in a foreign country for at least ten years

Massively Active Learning Link

Modern Applied Linguistic Logic

Manual Assessment of Language Levels

Multi-Audio Language Laboratory

Mobile Assisted Language Learning

The teacher remains mostly silent to encourage student production

Students are not allowed to speak for the first three months

Learning takes place in total silence without audio

Only sign language is used

Evaluation is done through silent written exams only

An individual’s ability to use several languages to varying degrees

A country having only one official language

The study of dead languages

Translating a text into five different languages

Learning only the grammar of multiple languages

A student's personal diary

A specific type of textbook

A scoring guide that describes performance levels using criteria

A list of vocabulary words to memorize

An answer key for multiple-choice tests

Changing the teacher every week

Giving the same task to every student regardless of their level

Teaching different languages in the same hour

Using different fonts in a presentation

Tailoring teaching to meet the individual needs of students

Learning individual words in isolation

Language as grammaticalized lexis (chunks/collocations)

Focusing purely on verb conjugations

Eliminating vocabulary from the curriculum

Using only dictionaries during lessons

Simplified stories for children

Textbooks written specifically for A1 learners

Grammar exercises created by the teacher

Materials created for native speakers, not for language teaching

Translated subtitles in the native language

Learning while sleeping

Memorizing a text without understanding it

The physical structure of the brain

Thinking about one's own thinking and learning processes

Ability to speak very fast

Thinking and Dreaming

Reading and Listening

Grammar and Vocabulary

Pronunciation and Spelling

Speaking and Writing

Evaluation at the end of an instructional unit (e.g., final exam)

Daily feedback during a lesson

A diagnostic test before the course starts

Asking students if they liked the teacher

An informal chat in the hallway

Behaviorism and habit formation through drills

Creative writing and poetry

Deep philosophical discussions

Reading long novels in the original language

Self-directed discovery learning

A Language Social Program

Linear Systematic Phonetics

Languages for Specific Purposes

Lexical Semantic Practice

Level of Student Progress

Information and Communication Technology

Integrated Classroom Training

Individual Cognitive Theory

International Code of Teaching

Internal Communication Tool

Correct pronunciation

Visual aids and pictures

The students' native language (L1)

Interaction between students

Modern technology

A final 2-hour exam

A briefcase for carrying textbooks

A list of grades in a spreadsheet

A collection of student work showing progress over time

A certificate of attendance

A medical examination in English

Forcing students to run while speaking

A method used only for professional athletes

Learning language through physical pain

Coordinating language with physical movement

Using relaxation and music to lower barriers to learning

Suggesting that students should study harder

An encyclopedia of suggestions for teachers

A method based on hypnotic sleep

Learning through constant criticism

Choosing techniques from various methods depending on needs

Using only the most expensive technology

Following one single method strictly

Teaching without any plan or method

Using electricity in every lesson

The amount of information working memory can hold

The weight of the textbooks

How fast a student can run

The number of students in one class

The volume of the teacher's voice

Planning the lesson during the break

Teaching the last chapter of the book first

Writing on the board from right to left

Starting with the end goal and then planning activities

Evaluating students before teaching them anything

Using a computer program to fix typos

The principal correcting the teacher

Parents correcting their children's homework

Students correcting each other's work

Ignoring all mistakes to build confidence

Reading long texts for pleasure and general understanding

Reading a short text very carefully for detail

Memorizing a whole book by heart

Reading only the headlines of newspapers

Translating a text word for word

Detailed focus on a short text to extract specific information

Reading 10 books in one week

Avoiding all visual aids

Learning only in the forest or outdoors

Strict focus on grammar from day one

Using only natural biological terms

Communication and the reduction of stress

Students evaluating their own performance and progress

The teacher grading themselves

A test that grades itself automatically

Evaluating the quality of the classroom furniture

Comparing oneself to a native speaker only

A library with no books

A classroom with VR headsets only

A dream about being in a school

A textbook about computers

A web-based platform for the digital aspects of courses

Teachers investigating their own practice to improve it

Research about action movies in English

A physical education research project

Finding out which students are the most active

Scientists observing a class through a window

The gap between what a learner can do alone and with help

The area in the back of the classroom

The time limit for a language exam

A specific level in a video game

The distance between the teacher and the student

Alternating between two or more languages in conversation

Programming in Python during English class

Changing the password of a computer

Using secret signals to cheat in exams

Changing the dialect of a language

A type of formal greeting

Providing all the answers to the students immediately

An illegal way of getting exam papers

The process of deleting old files

Techniques to draw information out from students

Using 10 different textbooks at once

A flood in the language laboratory

Giving students too much homework

Speaking so fast that students cannot understand

Providing a large amount of target language features in texts

Essential skills like communication, critical thinking, and social skills

The names of the most important grammar rules

The core of an apple used as a metaphor for learning

Skills needed only for teachers, not students

Ability to pass a multiple-choice test only

A teacher training technique where lessons are taught to a small group

Teaching very small children

Lessons that last only 30 seconds

Using a microscope during an English lesson

Teaching through text messages

Copying the style of another teacher exactly

Looking at oneself in the mirror before class

Making students reflect on their childhood

Teaching in a room with many windows

Analyzing one's own teaching to improve future performance

Real-time interaction between teacher and students (e.g., live Zoom)

Learning that happens at different times for everyone

Swimming and learning a language at the same time

Learning only through YouTube videos

Studying only once a year

Choice, Change, Control, and Cohesion

Creativity, Cooperation, Calculation, and Coding

Clarity, Competence, Comparison, and Context

Capability, Character, Curriculum, and Class

Content, Communication, Cognition, and Culture

Presentation

Production

Practice

Preparation

Participation

Grammar is not taught at all

The teacher explains the rule first, then gives examples

Students memorize the rule from a textbook

Students discover the rules from examples themselves

Translating grammar rules from the native language

Rules are learned through songs only

Students guess the rule based on a text

The teacher presents a rule and then provides practice

Grammar is learned only through conversation

Students teach the rule to the teacher

Facilitator

Controller

Examiner

Dictator

Spectator

Motivation driven by external rewards like grades or money

Motivation coming from an internal interest in the language

Motivation caused by the physical environment of the classroom

Motivation that disappears after one hour

Motivation only found in adult learners

Motivation driven by personal satisfaction and interest in the task

Motivation driven by the fear of failing an exam

Motivation provided by the teacher’s praise

Motivation to get a high-paying job

Motivation coming from parents’ pressure

A group of words that are commonly found together (e.g., "by the way")

An individual letter in a word

A long paragraph in a text

A grammatical mistake

A type of dictionary for beginners

Translating everything perfectly

Using the first language to help a classmate

Forgetting the first language while learning a second one

Errors in the target language caused by the influence of the mother tongue

Speaking both languages at the same time fluently

Teaching language through the study of a specific subject matter

Teaching only the table of contents of a book

Teaching grammar without any context

Using only digital content in the classroom

Focusing only on the content of a student’s character

Reading the text backwards

Reading every word of a text carefully

Reading a text to get the general idea (gist)

Translating a text into another language

Looking for specific information in a text quickly

Reading only the pictures in a text

Searching for a specific date or name in a text

Memorizing the first sentence of every paragraph

Reading a text quickly to get the general main idea

Deeply analyzing the metaphors in a poem

An approach that focuses on conversation and lacks heavy textbook use

A method based strictly on scientific dogmas

A technology-heavy teaching method

A method that uses dogs to lower student anxiety

A strict grammar-translation approach

An environment where only the target language is used for everything

Learning a language while swimming

Studying for 24 hours without sleep

Learning only through listening to music

Using a dictionary for every single word

Enter, Search, Apply

Evaluate, Select, Arrange

Explain, Summarize, Assess

Engage, Study, Activate

Energy, Speed, Accuracy

Using technology to tailor the path and pace of learning to each student

Forcing students to adapt to the teacher’s style

Changing the classroom temperature for better focus

Learning how to survive in a foreign country

Using old textbooks for new students

Learning without conscious awareness of what is being learned

Learning by strictly following a teacher’s lecture

Learning through explicit grammar explanations

Learning by heart a list of irregular verbs

Learning through constant testing

Learning without any instructions

Learning by accident while watching a movie

Conscious and intentional learning of rules and information

Learning only through physical play

Learning while being distracted by music

A mix of three or more languages

A language used between two different countries

A secret language used by students

The language used by a translator

The evolving language system of a learner that is neither L1 nor L2

The ability to think about and reflect on the nature of language

The ability to speak very fast without thinking

Knowing the names of all famous linguists

Being able to read two languages at once

Awareness of the physical location of the tongue

Giving a student a failing grade

Shouting at a student for making a mistake

Ignoring a student's answer completely

Information provided to the learner that an utterance is incorrect

Discouraging a student from speaking

The teacher reformulates a student’s incorrect utterance correctly

The teacher asks the student to repeat the mistake

The teacher writes the mistake on the board

The teacher ignores the mistake

The teacher asks another student to laugh at the mistake

Learning that occurs at different times (e.g., discussion forums, recorded videos)

Learning that happens only in a physical classroom

Learning where everyone must be online at the same time

Learning without any digital tools

Learning only through face-to-face meetings

A method of teaching people how to move faster

Learning a language while walking in a shopping mall

Using mobile phones and tablets for language learning

Learning through old-fashioned radio broadcasts

Using stationary desktop computers only

A theory focusing only on physical habits and rewards

A theory focusing on how the brain processes and stores information

Society should be ignored during the learning process

Knowledge is passed directly from teacher to student's brain

Knowledge is only gained through reading books alone

Students should build physical models in the classroom

Knowledge is constructed through social interaction and collaboration

An exam where no one is allowed to talk

A 10-minute break during a lesson

The time when the teacher is checking attendance

A stage where learners listen but are not yet ready to produce language

A period in history when languages were not taught

Translating and Interpreting

Reading and Listening

Grammar and Vocabulary

Speaking and Writing

Note-taking and Highlighting

Drawing and Painting

Speaking and Writing

Pronunciation and Spelling

Thinking and Feeling

Listening and Reading

The time a teacher waits after asking a question before calling on a student

The time students wait for the bell to ring

The time a teacher waits for their salary

The time spent waiting for the computer to start

The time a student spends in the hallway as punishment

The process of cleaning the classroom floor

The process of managing the school's budget

The process of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly

The process of organizing the teachers' schedule

The process of buying new furniture for the class

A parent teaching their child

A teacher teaching their colleagues

One student teaching another student

A computer teaching a student

Learning by watching a movie

Students gain knowledge by working for a long period to respond to a challenge

Students only do small exercises from a workbook

Teachers project their voice loudly in the class

Using a projector for every single lesson

A method used only for engineering students

Sounds or signs like "uh-huh" or "I see" that show you are listening

Talking behind the teacher's back

Using a secret channel to communicate

A way of correcting grammar in writing

Walking backwards while speaking

Focusing on the shape of the classroom

Teaching students how to fill out application forms

Teaching only the physical form of a book

Teaching that draws attention to the grammatical forms of language

Ignoring grammar to focus only on meaning

Ignoring the difficult parts of a lesson

Throwing away parts of the textbook

Learning 1000 words in one day

Speaking in very long, complex sentences

Breaking down information into smaller, manageable units

A medical check-up for students

A test given at the end of the year to provide a grade

A test given at the beginning to find out what students already know

A test to see if the teacher is good

A test that focuses only on pronunciation

Comparing a learner's current performance against their own previous performance

Comparing a student against the best student in the class

Comparing a student against a native speaker

Using a computer to grade an essay

Testing students only on their creative writing

The process of identifying the requirements of a specific group of learners

Analyzing why the teacher needs a vacation

Checking if the classroom needs new paint

Analyzing the grammar of a sentence

Determining if the students need more homework

Knowing how to write a textbook

Knowing the names of all the students in the school

Knowing how to use a photocopier

Knowing the history of the school building

The overlap of teacher's knowledge of the subject and how to teach it

The native language of the student

The language that is used to explain the rules

A language that is used for military targets

The most difficult language in the world

The language that is being learned or taught

Knowledge of the formal systems of language (grammar, vocabulary, etc.)

The ability to win a debate in any language

The ability to write a novel in one day

The ability to speak like a professional actor

Knowledge of how to build a computer

The study of student's handwriting

The study of how individual sounds are made

The study of how to write a dictionary

The study of language in use beyond the sentence level

The study of the history of the alphabet

The theory that all humans are born with an innate knowledge of grammar

A grammar book that works for every language

A traditional method focusing on reading, writing, and translating

A modern method focusing on speaking and games

A method where no grammar is ever used

A method that uses only pictures to teach

A method that was invented in the 21st century

Questions used by teachers to check if students understand a new word or rule

Questions about the students' personal lives

Questions that are impossible to answer

Questions that students ask the teacher at the end of class

Questions about the physical appearance of the textbook

Every Apple is Purple

English for Adult People

English for Academic Purposes

Elementary Advanced Program

English for All Professions

English Social Party

Extra Sensory Perception

English for Standard Practice

Essential Speaking Program

English for Specific Purposes

The idea that we use conscious learning to edit our speech

The idea that the teacher should monitor every student at all times

A system for watching students during an exam via cameras

The use of computer monitors in the classroom

A method for measuring the volume of speech

Studying while listening to soft music

Cooperation between the school and the government

Students helping the teacher clean the room

Learning how to run a business cooperative

Students working together in small groups to maximize learning

Student Team Task

Systemic Teacher Training

Standardized Testing Technique

Structural Text Translation

Student Talking Time

Text-Type-Test

Task-To-Task

Teacher Talking Time

Technology-Transformation-Tool

Time-To-Teach

100% TTT, 0% STT

High TTT, Low STT

Low TTT, High STT

50% TTT, 50% STT

High TTT, High STT

How fast students can complete the test

The beauty of the test layout

The difficulty level of the vocabulary used

Whether the test measures what it is supposed to measure

The consistency of test results over time and different conditions

The duration of the test session

How many students pass the test

The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure

The cost of printing the test papers

Whether the test is written in blue or black ink

Realistic fiction stories for children

A philosophical theory about reality

A specific type of grammar exercise

Real-life objects used as teaching aids in the classroom

A software for translating languages

A test where students keep their eyes closed

A test that is conducted at the end of a closed session

An exercise where words are removed from a text and students fill them in

A test consisting only of true/false questions

A test that focuses on closing arguments in a debate

Focus on the teacher's academic qualifications

Focus on how many words a student can memorize

Focus on the history of the English language

Focus on the competition between different schools

Focus on what learners can do with the language in real-life situations

Moving beyond a single method to a more context-sensitive approach

A method that was developed after the year 2020

Teaching without any methods or plans at all

A method that only uses postal services for communication

Using only one method for every single student

The ability to spell complex words correctly

The ability to use language effectively in a social context for a purpose

The ability to understand the history of pragmatics

The ability to solve math problems in a foreign language

The ability to speak without any emotion

Non-verbal cues such as gestures, facial expressions, and body language

Communication between two different species

Learning a language through physical exercise

Writing a text using only symbols

Communication via radio waves

Providing temporary support until the learner can perform the task alone

Building a physical stage for a school play

A system of punishing students for low grades

Forcing students to memorize everything by heart

A method for cleaning the classroom ceiling

A theory about drawing diagrams in class

How our prior knowledge helps us understand new information

A method for teaching advanced grammar rules

A theory that language is learned only through repetition

How students should organize their notebooks

A trip to a science museum

An inquiry-based approach where learners find answers for themselves

Watching the Discovery Channel during class

Learning only about geography and explorers

Learning by finding hidden objects in the room

Understanding the similarities and differences between cultures

Knowing the names of all European countries

Being able to cook food from five different countries

Refusing to speak one’s native language

Traveling to a foreign country every summer

Analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information rather than just repeating it

Criticizing the teacher’s methods every day

Thinking about very critical and dangerous situations

Memorizing all the negative adjectives in English

Finding mistakes in classmates' clothes

Using only electronic dictionaries

Being able to count on your fingers (digits)

Knowing how to turn on a television

The ability to type 100 words per minute

The ability to find, evaluate, and communicate information through digital platforms

Learning while drinking a fruit blend

Mixing two different languages in one sentence

Combining online learning with face-to-face classroom instruction

Teaching two different subjects at the same time

Using both a blackboard and a whiteboard

Changing the teacher every week

Learning while doing gymnastics or flips

Flipping the pages of a book very fast

Instructional strategy where students first study a topic at home

Turning the desks upside down in the classroom

A final grade on a report card

Ongoing information provided during the learning process to improve it

A formal letter to parents about a student's behavior

Feedback about the physical form of the student

A list of all the mistakes made in a final exam

An informal talk after class

Daily comments made by the teacher during a task

Feedback about the student's summer vacation

Helping a student with a math sum

Information provided at the end of a unit or course to evaluate learning

Analyzing 19th-century literature

Advanced university professors

Teaching complex academic writing

Young learners and beginners

Preparing for a PhD defense

Speaking directly into a student's ear

Telling students exactly what to do at all times

Teaching through direct translation of every word

Teaching language through visual aids and without translation

Sending students directly to the principal's office

The Music Method

The Silent Method

The Army Method

The Digital Method

The Grammar-Free Method

A list of grammar rules from A to Z

A syllabus that only functions for a few weeks

A syllabus organized by what people want to do (functions) or mean (notions)

A collection of short stories for reading

A syllabus focused on the functions of the human body

A language used only by emperors

The dominance of one language (e.g., English) over others in the world

The study of ancient Roman and Greek languages

A method for expanding a language’s vocabulary

The use of English in historical movies

A special type of English for astronauts

The English spoken only in the United Kingdom

The idea that English exists in many different local varieties

A language that is exactly the same everywhere in the world

An English dialect spoken only in movies

Using words or phrases from two languages within the same sentence

Changing the password on your computer

Mixing up the pages of a textbook

Speaking in a code that no one understands

Learning two languages at the same time but in different schools

Drills that start from the end of a sentence and build up to the beginning

Wearing a chain on your back for balance

Chaining students to their desks to prevent them from moving

Repeating a sentence ten times as fast as possible

Translating a sentence backwards

A very difficult and "stormy" exam

A literal storm happening in the classroom

A medical condition caused by studying too much

A technique to generate as many ideas as possible for a topic

Thinking about the weather during a lesson

Evaluating a collection of a student's work over a period of time

Checking the price of a student's school bag

A test about managing stocks and shares

Giving a grade based on one single final project

Evaluating the teacher’s own professional folder

Tests that are administered and scored in a consistent, uniform manner

Tests that are written by the students themselves

Tests that are graded only by the principal

Tests that change format for each individual student

Tests that are taken without any instructions

A way to wash school uniforms

Cleaning the blackboard after a lesson

Students forgetting what they learned over the weekend

The effect of air conditioning in the classroom

The impact of testing on teaching and curriculum

Asking students to be quiet

An illegal activity during a language exam

Printing thousands of copies of a worksheet

Drawing information from students rather than telling them

Correcting students' pronunciation in a loud voice

A guided tour to a foreign country

A technique where the teacher leads students to figure out a rule

Learning through a map without any help

Discovery learning without any teacher intervention

A specific type of textbook for science

An approach where the focus is on the completion of meaningful tasks

A method where students are given a list of 1000 tasks daily

A focus on the teacher's task of grading

Learning only through digital tasks on a tablet

A focus on the grammar used during a task only

Teaching students how to use a telephone

A method where students communicate only via email

An approach that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the goal

A focus on learning the rules of communication in the 18th century

A method that forbids all types of speaking

A task that is very difficult to complete

A task that is written by a famous author

A task that mirrors a real-world activity

A task that only involves reading a textbook

A task that has been translated from another language

Learning alone but in a room full of people

Students copying each other's homework

The teacher and the principal working together

Learners working together to solve a problem or complete a task

Using a computer to collaborate with a robot

Learning about cars and automation

When a learner takes responsibility for their own learning

Learning without ever using a book

Learning that happens automatically while sleeping

Being forced to study alone as a punishment

A name of a university building

A type of ancient Greek poem

A document that outlines the contents and goals of a course

A list of all the students in a class

A textbook for teaching physics

A type of sports activity in school

A short summary of a person's work history

The list of books in a school library

The overall plan of educational goals, content, and materials

The schedule of the school buses

Analyzing how many pens a student needs

Analyzing the psychological needs of the teacher

Checking if the classroom needs new furniture

Identifying the specific language needs and goals of a learner

Determining if the students need a longer break

The history of the target language

The physical area where the teacher stands

A specific part of the brain used for grammar

Aspects of learning related to emotions, attitudes, and motivation

The domain name of a school's website

Aspects of learning related to mental processes like memory and reasoning

The physical health of a student

The ability to recognize different colors

The social relationships between students

A domain used only by cognitive scientists

Students are completely covered in books

Students spend the whole day in a swimming pool

Students are taught exclusively in the target language

Students are forced to live in a foreign country

Using only audio recordings for 24 hours

Someone learning a language that is part of their cultural background

Someone who only learns about historical heritage sites

Someone who has inherited a large amount of money for school

A student who is only interested in ancient history

Someone who learns a language in a museum

Courses designed for particular professions or fields (e.g., Medical English)

Learning a language for no specific reason

Language for Special People

Level of Speaking Progress

Linguistic Social Practice

Language used to describe and analyze language itself (e.g., 'noun', 'verb')

A secret language used by heavy metal musicians

A language made of metal symbols

The language spoken by robots

A very fast and loud way of speaking

A list of all the words in a dictionary

An organization for professional writers

A game where you spell words backwards

Connecting a new word with other related words to help memory

A law about the use of certain words