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Translation Concepts Quiz

Total questions: 129

Worksheet time: 1hrs 5mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Translation is:

a)

A means of interlingual communication.

b)

An object of phonetic research.

c)

The phenomenon that cannot be described.

d)

Physical demonstration of grammar and lexicon of a language.

e)

The study of words.

2.

Translating from a foreign language into your mother tongue and vice versa:

a)

Direct translation.

b)

Self-translation.

c)

Re-translation.

d)

Pseudo translation.

e)

Free translation.

3.

Translation which aims to have as close as possible formal correspondence:

a)

Literal translation.

b)

Re-translation.

c)

Indirect translation.

d)

Direct translation.

e)

Pseudo translation.

4.

Translations which are intended not to be recognized as translations and vice versa translations that are obviously translations:

a)

Overt translation.

b)

Self-translation.

c)

Re-translation.

d)

Indirect translation.

e)

Free translation.

5.

Lingual mode of translating according to van Doorslaer is subdivided into Intralingual and:

a)

Interlingual.

b)

Intersemiotic.

c)

Multimedia.

d)

Audiovisual.

e)

Visual.

6.

According to van Doorslaer which of the following refers to the mode:

a)

Re-translation.

b)

Free translation.

c)

Consecutive translation.

d)

Audiovisual.

e)

Interlingual.

7.

Which of the following refers to the mode by van Doorslaer:

a)

Pseudo translation.

b)

Consecutive translation.

c)

Audiovisual.

d)

Interlingual.

e)

Intralingual.

8.

Translation strategies according to van Doorslaer cover:

a)

Problem-solving strategies.

b)

Intensification.

c)

Product differentiation.

d)

Market segmentation.

e)

Integration.

9.

Which of the following refers to translation strategies by van Doorslaer:

a)

Comprehension.

b)

Product differentiation.

c)

Intensification.

d)

Market segmentation.

e)

Integration.

10.

Jaaskelainen divided translation into two major types Process-related strategies and:

a)

Product-related strategies.

b)

Functional strategies.

c)

Interactive strategies.

d)

Operative strategies.

e)

Training strategies.

11.

Jaaskelainen subdivided process-related strategies into Local strategies and:

a)

Global strategies.

b)

Functional strategies.

c)

Interactive strategies.

d)

Operative strategies.

e)

Training strategies.

12.

Which procedure is aimed to introduce precise details into the TT for clarification and vice versa to increase the economy of the TT:

a)

Explicitation.

b)

Adaptation.

c)

Modulation.

d)

Recasting.

e)

Modification.

13.

Which procedure is aimed to suppress elements in the TL text and vice versa to compensate structural elements implicitly present in the source text:

a)

Omission.

b)

Modulation.

c)

Transcription.

d)

Recasting.

e)

Adaptation.

14.

A change in the grammar from SL to TL:

a)

Recategorization.

b)

Reformulation.

c)

Dilution.

d)

Adaptation.

e)

Denominalization.

15.

Adapting a SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL:

a)

Naturalisation.

b)

Adaptation.

c)

Recategorization.

d)

Dilution.

e)

Reformulation.

16.

Descriptive equivalents are related to:

a)

Expansion.

b)

Reformulation.

c)

Dilution.

d)

Transposition.

e)

Adaptation.

17.

Omission:

a)

Reduction.

b)

Dilution.

c)

Expansion.

d)

Adaptation.

e)

Amplification.

18.

To neutralise or generalise a SL cultural word by using a description:

a)

Amplification.

b)

Recategorization.

c)

Dilution.

d)

Reformulation.

e)

Denominalization.

19.

Reproducing or transliterating the original term:

a)

Transcription.

b)

Calque.

c)

Modulation.

d)

Modification.

e)

Expansion.

20.

Paraphrase:

a)

Amplification.

b)

Adaptation.

c)

Borrowing.

d)

Modification.

e)

Reduction.

21.

The literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations, the components of compounds, and phrases:

a)

Through translation.

b)

Explanation.

c)

Modulation.

d)

Reduction.

e)

Amplification.

22.

Translation economy is the linguistic effect achieved by means of:

a)

Concision.

b)

Dilution.

c)

Modulation.

d)

Reformulation.

e)

Addition.

23.

A specialized branch of translation which deals with the transfer of multimodal and multimedial texts into another language:

a)

Audiovisual translation.

b)

Localization.

c)

Intersemiotic translation.

d)

Intralingual translation.

e)

Pseudo-translation.

24.

Which of the following refers to the strategies suggested by L.Venuti:

a)

Domestication.

b)

Naturalisation.

c)

Amplification.

d)

Reduction.

e)

Recasting.

25.

Translation economy:

a)

Condensation.

b)

Dilution.

c)

Modulation.

d)

Reformulation.

e)

Addition.

26.

Mother tongue versus other tongue translation:

a)

Direct.

b)

Re-translation.

c)

Self-translation.

d)

Overt translation.

e)

Covert translation.

27.

Scholars who contributed to the development of machine translation:

a)

Petr Smirnov-Troyanskii.

b)

Katherine Reiss.

c)

Eugene Nida.

d)

Hans Vermeer .

e)

Lawrence Venuti.

28.

The works that are based on text-type approaches:

a)

Vermeer.

b)

Nida.

c)

Catford.

d)

Venuti.

e)

Darbelnet.

29.

The SL word-order is preserved and the words are translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context:

a)

Word-for-word translation.

b)

Faithful translation.

c)

Free translation.

d)

Faith translation.

e)

Idiomatic translation.

30.

TT and ST can be identical:

a)

Functionally.

b)

Syntactically.

c)

Pragmatically.

d)

Contextually.

e)

Stylistically.

31.

Dryden's categories of translation are Paraphrase, Imitation and:

a)

Metaphrase.

b)

Amplification.

c)

Re-translation.

d)

Explicitation.

e)

Implicitation.

32.

Translation is also:

a)

A means of interlingual communication.

b)

An object of phonetic research.

c)

The phenomenon that cannot be described.

d)

Physical demonstration of grammar and lexicon of a language.

e)

The study of words.

33.

Scholar who was the pioneer of 'translation shift approach':

a)

Vinay.

b)

Reiss.

c)

Nord.

d)

House.

e)

Baker.

34.

The element that can be referred to a minimal translation unit:

a)

Word.

b)

Context.

c)

Denotation.

d)

Meaning.

e)

Connotation.

35.

Which of the following refers to the text types suggested by K. Reiss:

a)

Audiomedial.

b)

Functional.

c)

Audiovisual.

d)

Multimedia.

e)

Literary.

36.

Precocious information usually consists of :

a)

Personal names.

b)

The longest words.

c)

Text type information.

d)

Pictures.

e)

Non-verbal elements.

37.

According to Catford the category shift is divided into Class, Unit and:

a)

Structure.

b)

Rank.

c)

System.

d)

Form.

e)

Text.

38.

The following to the category shift according to Catford:

a)

Structure.

b)

Text.

c)

Rank.

d)

System.

e)

Form.

39.

According to Catford shifts occurring on the local level cover:

a)

Syntactic elements.

b)

Pragmatic elements.

c)

Phonetic elements.

d)

Pragmatic-stylistic.

e)

Phonetic-semantic.

40.

Stylistic and syntactic element referred to the local level of shifts comprise:

a)

Word order.

b)

Words.

c)

Phrases.

d)

Morphemes.

e)

Imagery.

41.

Functional theories are subdivided into Translational action theory, Skopos theory and:

a)

Text type theory.

b)

Discourse and register analysis.

c)

Shift approach.

d)

Manipulation theory.

e)

System theory.

42.

Systems theories are subdivided into Manipulation theory, Aesthetic communication theory and:

a)

Polysystem theory.

b)

Text type theory.

c)

Shift approach.

d)

Discourse and register analysis.

e)

Translational action theory.

43.

According to K. Reiss audiomedial texts consist of Visual advertisements, Spoken advertisements and :

a)

Films.

b)

Logical information.

c)

Referential information.

d)

Creative composition.

e)

Aesthetic dimension.

44.

According to Interpretative Theory significant part of interpreters' work is connected with:

a)

Cognitive context.

b)

Linguistic meaning.

c)

Language proficiency.

d)

Worldview.

e)

Precocious information.

45.

Adaptation may cover numerous notions such as:

a)

Appropriation.

b)

Foreignization.

c)

Equivalence.

d)

Paraphrase.

e)

Metaphrase.

46.

Illocution:

a)

Question.

b)

Background knowledge.

c)

Request.

d)

Promise.

e)

Communicative effect of the utterance.

47.

Locution:

a)

Request.

b)

Question.

c)

Background knowledge.

d)

Addressee's interest.

e)

Communicative effect of the utterance.

48.

TAP studies is aimed at identifying:

a)

Problem solving strategies.

b)

Function of translation.

c)

Background knowledge.

d)

Linguistic meaning.

e)

Cognitive context.

49.

Methods of acquiring information within TAP comprise:

a)

Joint translating.

b)

Interactive modeling.

c)

Role games.

d)

Field observation.

e)

Linked method.

50.

Methods used to describe and analyze TAP data come from:

a)

Psycholinguistics

b)

Psychology

c)

Cognitive linguistics

d)

Sociolinguistics

e)

Cultural studies

51.

What type of correspondence are distinguished by Retsker:

a)

Variant

b)

Permanent

c)

Non-permanent

d)

Indirect

e)

Mutable

52.

Meaning according to Nida is:

a)

Linguistic

b)

Contextual

c)

Situational

d)

Expressive

e)

Denotative

53.

Ways of determining meaning are subdivided into:

a)

Hierarchical structuring

b)

Transformational analysis

c)

Functional analysis

d)

Contrastive analysis

e)

Comparative analysis

54.

3-stage system of translation comprises are Analysis, Transfer and :

a)

Restructuring

b)

Translation proper

c)

Synthesis

d)

Bilingual mapping

e)

Abstract analysis

55.

According to R.К. Miniar-Belorutchev, it is proposed to conduct pre-translation analysis of the:

a)

Key and additional information

b)

Genre and style peculiarities of the text

c)

Syntactic organization of the text

d)

Vocabulary

e)

Source-recipient relationships

56.

According to I. Alekseyeva pre-translation analysis should consist of:

a)

Understanding structure of information and its density

b)

Identification of genre and style peculiarities of the text

c)

Specifying and repeating information

d)

Vocabulary

e)

Syntactic organization of the text

57.

According to V.Komissarov it is important to conduct pre-translation analysis of the:

a)

Nature of compositional forms of speech

b)

Identification of genre of the text

c)

Vocabulary

d)

Key and additional information

e)

External data of the text

58.

Pre-translation analysis was considered by:

a)

Nelubin

b)

Dolet

c)

Cicero

d)

Barkhudarov

e)

Retsker

59.

Scholar who has worked at MT research:

a)

Petr Smirnov-Troyanskii

b)

Eugene Nida

c)

Norbert Wiener

d)

Noam Chomsky

e)

James Holmes

60.

Dictionary-based "direct replacement" systems included:

a)

Dictionary look-up

b)

Analysis of the source text

c)

Bilingual mapping

d)

Structural analysis

e)

Abstract systems

61.

The transfer approach involves:

a)

Bilingual mapping

b)

Local word-order rearrangement

c)

Dictionary look-up

d)

Universal representation

e)

Target word replacement

62.

Regular equivalents can be classified into Grammatical, Phraseological and:

a)

Lexical

b)

Semantic

c)

Syntactic

d)

Stylistic

e)

Pragmatic

63.

A translation memory program is normally made up of the following elements:

a)

A translation editor

b)

Corpora

c)

Interactive tools

d)

PDA

e)

An electronic dictionary

64.

According to Komissarov translation transformations are subdivided into Grammatical, Pragmatic and:

a)

Lexical

b)

Syntactic

c)

Phonetic

d)

Stylistic

e)

Complex

65.

Lexical semantic substitutes:

a)

Modulation

b)

Addition

c)

Integration

d)

Compensation

e)

Omission

66.

Equivalence within theoretical framework was highlighted by scholar such as:

a)

Nida

b)

Dryden

c)

Cicero

d)

Nelubin

e)

Retsker

67.

A translation memory program is normally made up of the following element:

a)

A text segment localizer

b)

Voice recognition tools

c)

Digital video-recorder

d)

PDA

e)

An electronic dictionary

68.

In the 1960s literary translation was promoted by:

a)

Translation workshop concept

b)

Applied linguistics

c)

Cognitive linguistics

d)

Cultural studies approach

e)

Computational linguistics

69.

The seventeenth century knew the birth of many influential theorists such as:

a)

Sir John Denham

b)

Etienne Dolet

c)

Alexander Frayer Tytler

d)

Cicero

e)

Edward Fitzgerald

70.

According to van Doorslaer literal translation is subdivided into Word-for-word, Interlinear and:

a)

Sentence-by-sentence

b)

Free

c)

Idiomatic

d)

Functional

e)

Source-oriented

71.

According to Brandes pre-translation analysis consists of:

a)

Understanding typical syntactic organization of the text and vocabulary

b)

Collection of external data of the text

c)

The nature of compositional forms of speech

d)

Communicative intentions of the author

e)

Identification of key, additional information

72.

Nida's theory of equivalence is focused on:

a)

Notion of "naturalness"

b)

The degree of correspondence

c)

Literalism

d)

Fluency

e)

Foreignism

73.

Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline dealing with:

a)

Systematic study of the theory of translation

b)

Interpretation of language in terms of the concepts

c)

Scientific study of language

d)

Mental activity associated with the use of language

e)

Language in social and cultural context

74.

Translation has several meanings : The general subject field or phenomenon and :

a)

The process of producing the translation

b)

Reorganization of a piece of text

c)

The means used to convey the message

d)

Interpersonal interaction between members of different groups

e)

Symbolic representation of our internal states

75.

Jakobson's categories are Rewording, Transmutation and:

a)

Translation proper

b)

Metaphrase

c)

Explicitation

d)

Imitation

e)

Paraphrase

76.

Intersemiotic translation occurs when a written text is translated into a different mode such as:

a)

Film

b)

Conference

c)

Conversation

d)

Script

e)

Novel

77.

Intralingual translation occurs when we produce:

a)

Summary

b)

Commentary

c)

Adaptation of a text to a new culture

d)

A text of different mode

e)

Recasting

78.

Descriptive translation studies examines:

a)

Product

b)

Outcome

c)

Purpose

d)

Grammar

e)

Context

79.

Descriptive translation studies according to Holmes is subdivided into:

a)

Function-oriented

b)

Translator training

c)

Translation aids

d)

Partial

e)

Translation criticism

80.

Product-oriented DTS involve the description or analysis of ______within smaller-scale studies:

a)

Single ST-TT pair

b)

The function of translation

c)

Psychology of translation

d)

Context

e)

Cognitive perspectives

81.

Medium-restricted theories are subdivided into translation by machine and humans, with further subdivisions according to whether translation is Computer-assisted translation and:

a)

Automatic machine translation

b)

Word-for-word

c)

Adapted

d)

Sense-for-sense

e)

Free

82.

The applied branch of Holmes's framework concerns:

a)

Translator training

b)

Product

c)

Function

d)

Process

e)

Time frames

83.

Translation criticism according to Holmes's framework consists of:

a)

Evaluation of translations

b)

Teaching methods

c)

Comparative analysis

d)

Structural analysis

e)

Testing techniques

84.

Translator training according to Holmes's framework consists of:

a)

Testing techniques

b)

Reviews of published translations

c)

Expert informants

d)

Marking student translations

e)

Evaluation of translations

85.

IT applications include:

a)

Online forums

b)

Dictionaries

c)

Grammars

d)

Expert informants

e)

Curriculum design

86.

Translation aids include:

a)

Dictionaries

b)

Corpora

c)

Online forums

d)

Curriculum

e)

Teaching methods

87.

Translation criticism mainly consists of:

a)

Revision

b)

Teaching

c)

Testing

d)

Online forums

e)

Expert informants

88.

The 1990s saw the incorporation of new approaches and concepts:

a)

Translation and gender research

b)

Grammar-translation method

c)

Comparative analysis

d)

Contrastive analysis

e)

Translation workshop concept

89.

In the new century research activity and practice of translation has been revolutionized by new domains such as:

a)

Corpus-based translation studies

b)

Literary translation

c)

Cultural translation

d)

Discourse studies

e)

Machine translation

90.

According to the Van Doorslaer map media translation is subdivided into Audiovisual, Electronic and:

a)

Printed

b)

Graphic

c)

Semiotic

d)

Film

e)

Localization

91.

According to the Van Doorslaer map applied translation studies is subdivided into Criticism, Institutional environment and:

a)

Didactics

b)

Translation aids

c)

Curriculum design

d)

IT applications

e)

Testing

92.

When the grammatical form is changed in translation Transposition, Recategorization and:

a)

Shift

b)

Reformulation

c)

Recasting

d)

Denominalization

e)

Dilution

93.

The general theory of translation is:

a)

Section of the linguistic translation theory that studies the most common linguistic patterns of translation, regardless of the characteristics of a particular pair of languages

b)

Section of the linguistic theory of translation studying the peculiarities of the process of translating texts of various types and the influence on this process of speech forms and conditions for its implementation

c)

Translation, in which the omission of certain parts of the original for moral, political or other practical reasons.

d)

Section of the linguistic theory of translation, which studies the linguistic aspects of translation from one given language to another given language

e)

Translation, in which the addition of certain parts of the original for political or other practical reasons

94.

Methods used in Translation Studies:

a)

Methods of linguistics.

b)

Methods of psychology.

c)

Methods of literature.

d)

Methods of philosophy.

e)

Methods of history.

95.

The leading place in modern translation studies belongs to:

a)

Linguistic translation

b)

Psychological Translation Studies

c)

Ethnographic Translation Studies

d)

Literary translation

e)

Historical Translation.

96.

An important research method is:

a)

comparative

b)

experiment

c)

historical

d)

additional

e)

survey.

97.

Research method used in the informant interview:

a)

additional

b)

comparative

c)

historical

d)

comparative

e)

language

98.

Relative notion which, despite obvious differences in linguistic structure meaning be adequately expressed across languages:

a)

Translatability.

b)

Untranslatability.

c)

Adequacy.

d)

Pragmatics.

e)

Comprehensibility.

99.

Which of the following is not a component of any speech creation:

a)

Understanding.

b)

Sender.

c)

Participant.

d)

Subject.

e)

Situation.

100.

Speech communication between two communicants using different languages is called:

a)

Interlanguage communication

b)

multilingual communication

c)

language communication

d)

linguistic communication

e)

external communication.

101.

Language mediation is:

a)

Identification of original and translation

b)

Transformation of the original message into a language form that can be perceived by the Receptor

c)

Translation oriented to the original foreign language

d)

Transfer of information

e)

Reproduction of the speech communication process.

102.

There are two main types of language mediation:

a)

Translation and adaptive transcoding

b)

translation and identification

c)

translation and adaptation

d)

translation and coding

e)

Communication and adaptive transcoding.

103.

Sense-for-sense translation means:

a)

Faithful translation.

b)

Oral translation.

c)

Literal translation.

d)

Written translation.

e)

Contextual translation.

104.

What does the general theory of translation study:

a)

Studying of general principles of translation.

b)

Studying of target text to source text adequacy.

c)

Studying of practical aspects of translating activity.

d)

Studying of certain types of translation.

e)

Studying of principles of a certain pair of languages.

105.

The applied translation study concerns:

a)

Studying of practical aspects of translating activity.

b)

Studying of general principles of translation.

c)

Studying of target text to source text adequacy.

d)

Studying of certain types of translation.

e)

Studying of principles of a certain pair of languages.

106.

The task of the theory of translation is:

a)

A theoretical description of the translation phenomena.

b)

The semantic identification of the translation.

c)

The performance of future translators.

d)

Creation of translation masterpiece.

e)

Presumption of structural identity of two texts.

107.

The theory of translation provides the translator with:

a)

Appropriate tools of analysis and synthesis for translation process.

b)

Future work.

c)

Strong command of English.

d)

New lexical, structural and phonetic objects of foreign language system.

e)

High salary.

108.

The functional identification is that:

a)

The translation is ascribed to the author of the original, published under his name, discussed, quoted, as if he were the original, only in another language.

b)

Translation receptors believe that the translation fully reproduces the content of the original, that it transmits the same content by means of another language.

c)

Translation receptors believe that the translation reproduces the original not only as a whole, but also in particular

d)

Speech communication is carried out between two communicants, the translation acts as an independent source of information

e)

Translation is published under the name of the translator.

109.

Adaptive transcoding is:

a)

Type of language mediation, which is entirely focused on the original foreign language

b)

A kind of language mediation in which transcoding of information from one language to another and its transformation take place.

c)

The type of language mediation in which speech communication between two communicators using different languages occurs.

d)

Type of language mediation for which the text is adapted

e)

A type of language mediation that is entirely focused on communication.

110.

Adaptive transcoding is done by compiling:

a)

annotations, abstracts, summaries.

b)

translation tasks and goals

c)

Information

d)

conversations, conversations

e)

Artwork

111.

Etienne Dole believed that the translator must follow ... the principles of translation

a)

5.

b)

7.

c)

6.

d)

10.

e)

4.

112.

The expressions are never translated at the formal level:

a)

Figurative.

b)

Free.

c)

New.

d)

Old.

e)

Simple.

113.

How many types of readers are allocated by T. Sevori:

a)

4.

b)

5.

c)

3.

d)

2.

e)

6.

114.

The monograph by O. Kade ..., which considers the general principles of studying translation in modern linguistics.

a)

"Random and regular in translation".

b)

"On the linguistic aspects of translation".

c)

"Introduction to Translation Theory".

d)

"Language and Translation".

e)

"To the science of translation".

115.

Who started the "sense-for-sense" tradition in translation:

a)

Cicero.

b)

Horace.

c)

St. Jerome.

d)

Baker.

e)

Plato.

116.

How do Miller and Bob-Center propose to determine the quality of the translation?

a)

By asking questions to the original and the text of the translation.

b)

By comparing with a specialist bilingual.

c)

Comparison of both texts according to the degree of their language redundancy.

d)

Evaluation of machine translation.

e)

By post-editing.

117.

The way of making matching-borrowing:

a)

By replacing.

b)

Using equivalent.

c)

Using transcribing and transliteration.

d)

Using generalization.

e)

By omission.

118.

An ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target language cultural values refers to:

a)

Domestication.

b)

Foreignization.

c)

Translation strategy.

d)

Translation.

e)

Minimal translation unit.

119.

Choosing a foreign text and developing a translation method along lines which are excluded by dominant cultural values in the target language refers to:

a)

Foreignization.

b)

Translation strategy.

c)

Translation.

d)

Minimal translation unit.

e)

Domestication.

120.

We hardly understand Russian speaking foreigners:

a)

Due to their excessive use of unintelligible phrases.

b)

Due to a speech defect.

c)

Because of the dialect.

d)

Due to illiteracy.

e)

Because of the manner of conversation.

121.

Find the concept is not similar to the concept of equivalence:

a)

Pragmatism.

b)

Identity.

c)

Adequacy.

d)

Full value.

e)

Similarity.

122.

Words of specific character, such as scientific and technical terms, proper or geographical names, etc. have:

a)

Permanent equivalents.

b)

Regular equivalents.

c)

Lexical equivalents.

d)

Grammatical equivalents.

e)

Phraseological equivalents.

123.

These were recently widely used to refer to common areas:

a)

Symbols.

b)

Arrows.

c)

Road signs.

d)

Icons.

e)

Sports signs.

124.

The recipient of the message, listening or reading party communication:

a)

Receptor

b)

Addressee

c)

Adviser

d)

Coordinator

e)

Tutor

125.

What two types of translation Newmark offers to distinguish:

a)

Syntactic and grammatical

b)

Communicative and semantic

c)

Equivalent and adequate

d)

Communicative and syntactic

e)

Abstract and adapted

126.

Words that are often found among SL names of specific national phenomena:

a)

Equivalent-lacking words.

b)

Regular equivalents.

c)

Borrowings.

d)

Permanent equivalents.

e)

Grammatical equivalents.

127.

The equivalents of the English word "laborious" such as "жалықтыратын; еңбекқор; ыждағатты; дүбірлі" / "утомительный; трудолюбивый; старательный; напряжённый; работящий" are defined as:

a)

Lexical equivalents.

b)

Grammatical equivalents.

c)

Phraseological equivalents.

d)

Permanent equivalents.

e)

Occasional equivalents.

128.

This person clearly distinguished between "translation" and "adaptive transcoding:

a)

C. Rice

b)

O. Kade

c)

V. Wills

d)

P.Newmark

e)

A.D. Schweitzer

129.

J. Dalel is engaged in:

a)

literary translation.

b)

written translation.

c)

scientific translation.

d)

stylistic translation.

e)

I

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