In the pathogenesis of periodic breathing, which factor is important

A characteristic manifestation of RDS syndrome is

The main link in the pathogenesis of RDS in newborns is

Perfusion form of respiratory failure may result from

When the respiratory center is depressed, which type of respiratory failure develops

The diffusion distance of gases can increase when

An extrapulmonary cause of restrictive hypoventilation of the lungs may be

A violation of diffusion through the alveolar–capillary membrane is observed when

Terminal type of breathing includes

The second stage of asphyxia is characterized by

The first stage of asphyxia is characterized by

Extrapulmonary restrictive hypoventilation of the lungs results in

Emphysema of the lungs is a cause of respiratory failure of which type

Expiratory dyspnea is observed when

Histological examination of the lung tissue of a newborn child who died from RDS syndrome will most likely reveal

Thickening of the alveolar-capillary membrane, decrease in the volume of blood in the pulmonary capillaries, decrease in the alveolar surface, decrease in the time of contact of blood with alveolar air lead to disturbances

A 20-year-old woman complains of shortness of breath. A pulmonary function test revealed bronchiole spasm. What was found in the patient?

How will the frequency and depth of breathing change after artificial narrowing of the trachea in an experimental animal? Breathing will become

A 17-year-old teenager got a foreign body in his upper respiratory tract. He developed inspiratory dyspnea. What is the leading factor in the pathogenesis of this dyspnea?

During examination of a 27-year-old woman, MOD/MOC = 1.2 was found. What is the most likely cause of the impaired ventilation-perfusion ratio?

During examination of a 25-year-old man, it was found that MV = 3 l/min, IOC = 5 l/min. What is the most likely cause of the ventilation-perfusion ratio disorder?

Patient R., 60 years old, had one lung removed due to lung cancer. At rest, the pressure in the pulmonary artery is normal, but during physical exertion, pulmonary hypertension develops. Pathogenesis of the patient's pulmonary hypertension:

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is in a comatose state, with the smell of acetone in the exhaled air. Deep, rare, noisy breathing is observed. The development of this type of breathing is based on excessive excitation of the respiratory center:

A 60-year-old man was admitted to the clinic's therapeutic department several times with complaints of shortness of breath, episodes of suffocation associated with coughing and wheezing. The examination revealed: VC - 3.0 liters, Tiffno index - 50%. After the introduction of a bronchodilator drug, the Tiffno index increased by 15%. After stopping the attack, abundant viscous sputum is released, containing "spirals" repeating the shape of the distal respiratory tract. Blood test: the number of leukocytes is 10 \times 10^9 / l, neutrophils - 70%, eosinophils - 18%. Most likely, the patient

This type of respiratory failure occurs with tumors and foreign bodies of the trachea and bronchi, cicatricial stenosis of the trachea, bronchial asthma. Characteristic for this type of respiratory failure is

Thickening of the alveolar-capillary membrane, decrease in the volume of blood in the pulmonary capillaries, decrease in the alveoli, decrease in the time of contact of blood with alveolar air lead to disorders:

The patient underwent a pleural fluid test. The puncture is turbid, yellow, specific gravity is 1.021 g/l, protein content is 3.6%, Rivalta test is positive, there are a large number of neutrophils. The results of the study indicate the development of

A decrease in minute respiratory volume, a decrease in vital capacity of the lungs, a decrease in total lung capacity, a decrease in residual lung volume, and a normal Tiffeneau index are characteristic of

How will the nature of external respiration change in an experimental animal after creating artificial hydrothorax by introducing a saline solution into the pleural cavity?

A 30-year-old woman took a large dose of barbiturates with the intention of committing suicide and was taken to the hospital by an ambulance team. In the emergency room, blood pressure was 95/65 mm Hg, pulse was 105 per minute. Arterial blood gas analysis was determined. Select the result that can be expected for the patient.

The patient has a cough with rusty sputum, pain in the right half of the chest when breathing, tachypnea, fever. He became ill acutely. When auscultating in the area of the projection of the right lower lobe of the lung, moist rales are heard. The most common route of penetration of microorganisms into the lung tissue in this disease:

A 29-year-old man was diagnosed with a dry cough and rusty sputum, pain in the right half of the chest when breathing, tachypnea, and fever. Auscultation showed moist rales in the projection of the right lower lobe. The most common route of penetration of microorganisms into the lung tissue in this disease is:

A 59-year-old man was admitted to the clinic complaining of dyspnea, episodes of suffocation associated with a painful cough and wheezing. A functional study of the lungs revealed: VC - 3.0 liters, Tiffno index - 50%. Curschmann spirals were found in the sputum. Which mediator has the most pronounced effect on the lumen of the bronchi in this disease?

A 56-year-old man complains of progressive dyspnea, accompanied by a cough producing scanty sputum with blood streaks, after a myocardial infarction 4 weeks ago. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient's current problem?

Patient Ch., 36 years old, a worker in the mining industry, was admitted to the clinic with complaints of shortness of breath, especially pronounced when walking and physical exertion, persistent cough (dry, sometimes with a small amount of sputum), chest pain. Arterial blood gas composition and spirometry data: pO2 - 92 mm Hg, pCO2 - 40 mm Hg, Oxygen capacity - 19.2 vol%, Spirometry: FVC - 2.6 l, Index Tiffno - 54%, MOD (percent of the expected value) - 124. Most likely the patient has:

A five-year-old girl was hospitalized in a children's clinic. On examination: icteric skin and sclera, body temperature 39 C, enlarged spleen and liver, dark urine, acute pain in the lumbar region, right hypochondrium, leg muscles; in the right lung - radiographic signs of lobar pneumonia. Blood test: leukocytes - 20 × 10⁹ / l, Hb 69.0 g / l, erythrocytes 2.3 × 10¹² / l, color index 0.90, in the smear - poikilocytosis and anisocytosis of erythrocytes. Urine test: hemoglobinuria. Electrophoretic study (along with HbA) revealed HbS. Most likely, the girl has:

Patient M., 26, who inhaled a nut while laughing, was taken to the clinic. It was found that the nut blocked the lumen of the right bronchus. How will the blood counts change below the site of the bronchial blockage?

During the examination of the patient's pulmonary ventilation function, the following changes in pulmonary volumes and capacities were revealed: VO↓, MOD↑, ROvd↓, VC↓, OEL↑, OOL↑, OFI↓, Tiffeneau index↓. What pathology is most likely characterized by such changes in indicators?

During the examination of the patient's pulmonary ventilation function, the following changes in lung volumes and capacities were revealed: VO↓, MOD↑, ROin↓, VC↓, ROe↓, OEL↓, OOL↓, Tiffno index - 90%. What pathology is most likely characterized by such changes in indicators?

Partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood is 62 mm Hg, saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in arterial blood is 68%, partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood is 52 mm Hg, oxygen capacity of blood is 25 vol%, pH is 7.33, BE is −8 meq/l. These changes are characteristic of:

A teenage girl felt weak after being vaccinated and developed hyperventilation. The nurse gave her a paper bag so that the girl could breathe into it. The girl's condition improved. The girl's improvement can be explained by the fact that an increase in CO2 in the inhaled air normalizes the changes that occurred during the girl's development:

The constant process of bone tissue resorption and its formation is designated by the term.

A skeletal disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and disturbances in the microarchitecture of bone tissue with subsequent increase in bone fragility and the possibility of fractures is designated by the term.

Joint hypermobility and arachnodactyly are typical manifestations.

The decrease in the resistance of articular cartilage is due to.

In the pathogenesis of achondroplasia, a hereditary defect is important.

Purulent inflammation underlies the development of the following typical form of skin pathology.

Generalized primary osteoporosis is observed.

Generalized secondary osteoporosis is observed in.

In the pathogenesis of osteoporosis is important.

Continuous dull night pain in the joint is caused by.

The main role in the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis is played by an allergic reaction.

Insert the missing link in the pathogenesis of alimentary osteopathy: Decreased calcium intake with food → decreased plasma calcium concentration → increased parathyroid hormone levels → ? → bone resorption.

Insert the missing link in the pathogenesis of rickets: Deficiency of 1,25 (OH) 2D 3 → impaired absorption of calcium in the intestine → ? → secondary hyperparathyroidism → impaired incorporation of calcium into bone tissue, stimulation of osteoclasts → osteomalacia.

Insert the missing link in the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes in Addison's disease: Cortisol deficiency → by feedback mechanism, increased secretion ? → increased melanin deposition in the skin and mucous membranes → hyperpigmentation

A 56-year-old woman complains of progressive fatigue, weakness, and bone pain. The patient has arterial hypertension and urolithiasis. The serum calcium level is elevated. The diagnosis is "Fibrous osteodystrophy-Recklinghausen's disease." What is the cause of this disease?

A 10-year-old boy complains of itching of the skin in the interdigital folds, on the flexor surface of the wrist joints, and sleep disturbances after contact with animals. Examination revealed tortuous passages along which scratches covered with scales and crusts are noted. Most likely, the boy has:

During the examination of the child, "old" rib fractures, increased joint mobility, dental changes, and blue sclera were discovered. These changes may be associated with a disruption in synthesis

A 65-year-old woman has been under the doctor's observation for a long time due to urolithiasis. Fibrous changes are noted on the bone tissue radiograph. Bone tissue resorption exceeds osteosynthesis. What changes in the concentration of calcium, phosphates and parathyroid hormone in the blood can be expected in this patient?

A 45-year-old woman came to the clinic complaining of moderate pain in the joints of the hands and wrists of both hands, their swelling and a feeling of stiffness in the morning. Blood test: leukocytosis, accelerated ESR, increased C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, anticitrulline antibodies are determined. What are the main types of immune damage that underlie the development of this disease?

A 68-year-old overweight female patient has pain in the right hip joint, difficulty walking, a deformed femoral head, a decrease in the size of the joint space, severe subchondral osteosclerosis, osteophytes on the edges of the articular surfaces of the acetabulum. The following play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease:

The causes of disturbance of parahypophyseal regulation can be:

Transpituitary regulation is the main one for

Peripheral, extra-glandular mechanisms of hormonal activity disruption include

The basis of the feedback mechanism violation is

Endocrinopathy that develops as a result of adenoma of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

Conn's syndrome (primary aldosteronism) is manifested

In the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia in hypercortisolism is important

Addison's disease is characterized by

The missing link in the pathogenesis of endemic goiter: Iodine deficiency → decreased synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) → decreased concentration of T3, T4 in the blood → ? → hyperplasia of the thyroid gland

Manifestations of hypothyroidism in childhood include:

A 52-year-old woman was admitted to the department complaining of memory loss, general weakness, drowsiness, baldness, loss of appetite, and weight gain. Examination revealed dry, flaky skin, swollen face, bald patches on the head, slow speech, body temperature 35.7°, pulse 52 beats per minute, blood pressure 110/65 mm Hg, increased thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, decreased T3 and T4 levels in the blood. How has the thyroid function changed and where is the pathological process localized?

A decrease in the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood in hypothyroidism indicates the localization of the pathological process in

During examination of a 25-year-old man, the following was revealed: fat deposits on the face, abdomen and thighs; red stretch marks on the skin of the abdomen and shoulders; blood pressure 160/90 mm Hg; blood sugar 7.0 mmol/l. Radiologically, the sella turcica is dilated. What will a hormone analysis and lumbar radiography reveal?

During examination of a 45-year-old woman, the following was found: moon-shaped face; blood pressure 180/120 mm Hg; myocardial hypertrophy; tachycardia; memory and intellect impairment; blood sugar 6.5 mmol/l. X-ray examination of the lumbar region revealed an enlarged left adrenal gland. What will a hormone analysis reveal?

A 40-year-old female patient complains of chilliness, drowsiness, and constipation. Objective examination revealed an enlarged thyroid gland and suspected primary hypothyroidism. The most informative way to confirm this diagnosis is to determine in the blood:

A 32-year-old woman complains of weight loss and irritability. Examination revealed diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland, and secondary hyperthyroidism is suspected. The most informative way to confirm this diagnosis is to determine in the blood:

A 32-year-old woman was admitted to the clinic complaining of general weakness, irritability, sweating, increased appetite, weight loss, and palpitations. Examination revealed body temperature of 37.8 $$^\circ$$ C, finger tremors, diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland, and slight exophthalmos. Laboratory blood tests revealed:

An examination of a 12-year-old boy revealed growth retardation, obesity, red striae on the thighs and abdomen, petechial-bruise-type hemorrhages on the arms and legs, and high blood pressure. Most likely, the child has:

A 25-year-old woman complains of constant palpitations, diarrhea, irritability, and exophthalmos. Most likely, the patient has:

A 42-year-old man was admitted to the clinic with complaints of weakness, increased urine output, and high blood pressure. On examination: blood pressure 168/100 mm Hg, increased sodium content, decreased potassium content, increased aldosterone level. What is the basis of this disease?

A 22-year-old man came to the clinic complaining of severe weakness, rapid fatigue, and gastrointestinal disorders. Over the past 4 months, he has lost 18 kg in weight. Objective examination: severe exhaustion of the body, pigmented skin on the palms, in places of folds and greatest friction against clothing; blood pressure 100/50 mm Hg; blood sugar 3.5 mmol/l; severe bradycardia; decreased basal metabolic rate. Most likely, the patient has:

A 4-year-old child eats chalk, clay, and ice. What medical term is used to describe this condition?

Which of the following is accompanied by hyposalivation?

What is the medical term for loss of appetite in negative emotions and stressful situations?

Nervous-psychic anorexia is observed in

Hyperrexia is observed in

The consequence of swallowing disorders can be

The leading link in gastroesophageal reflux disease is

The formation of an ulcer of the gastric mucosa can lead to

May lead to increased secretion of gastric juice

The protective factors of the gastric and duodenal mucosa include

The cause of gastric mucosal ulcers may be

Amylorrhea, creatorrhea, steatorrhea are observed in chronic

The most common cause of acute pancreatitis

Leads to primary malabsorption

Steatorrhea is a consequence of insufficiency

The presence of undigested starch in feces is designated by the term

What is the medical term for the appearance of tarry stools, which is a symptom of gastrointestinal bleeding?

What vitamin absorption will be impaired if there is a deficiency of bile salts in the intestine?

A 30-year-old man with cholemia syndrome has bradycardia. What is the mechanism of bradycardia development?

Osmotic diarrhea develops when

An increase in which enzymes in the blood has the greatest diagnostic value in acute pancreatitis?

Which of the following refers to manifestations of protein metabolism disorders in liver failure?

Alimentary constipation occurs when

Intestinal autointoxication is caused by toxic effects

Cholemia syndrome is characterized by

Manifestations of protein metabolism disorders in liver failure include:

During examination of a 48-year-old man with chronic liver failure, gynecomastia was detected. What hormonal metabolism disorder will be detected in the patient?

The "head of Medusa" symptom is characteristic of

Hypokalemia in hepatocellular coma develops as a result of

The reason for the decrease in gastric juice secretion may be

A 50-year-old man has been diagnosed with chronic liver failure. Which of the following changes characterize the patient's carbohydrate metabolism disorder?

An early sign of hepatocyte damage is

A patient with yellow skin has elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood. What is the most likely cause of this pathology?

A 21-year-old woman complains of increased saliva, nausea, vomiting, occasional fainting, and no menstruation for two months. The most likely cause of hypersalivation is

A 14-year-old boy complains of increased salivation, drooling, maceration of the skin around the mouth, and increased swallowing of saliva. Which of the following may be a consequence of this pathology?

A 16-year-old girl complains of increased salivation, drooling, maceration of the skin around the mouth, and increased swallowing of saliva. Which of the following is a consequence of this pathology?

A 65-year-old man was diagnosed with mechanical constipation. Most likely, the patient

A 25-year-old man complains of severe cutting pain in the epigastrium, which appears 2 hours after eating and at night. Most likely, the patient

A 55-year-old man complains of bloating, weight loss, frequent diarrhea, and vomiting. A large number of muscle fibers and fat droplets were found in the stool analysis. The enzyme content in the duodenal juice was reduced. What disease are these manifestations typical for?

A 32-year-old man with alcohol abuse is diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis. What changes are most likely to be found in the patient?

A 55-year-old man with chronic liver failure has been found to have an increase in prothrombin time, a decrease in the prothrombin index with normal fibrinogen levels and normal thrombin time. What is the leading factor in the pathogenesis of changes in hemostasis parameters in the patient?

A 35-year-old man complains of severe pain in the epigastrium, occurring 2–3 hours after eating and at night; recently the pain has been accompanied by nausea and sometimes vomiting. Vomiting brings relief. The patient is emotional, irritable, smokes a lot and abuses alcohol. The data of the objective examination and laboratory tests confirm the diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease. Most likely, the ulcer is localized in

A 45-year-old man with chronic liver failure had a blood test that revealed the following: platelet count 120×10^9/l, prolonged bleeding time. What is the leading link in the pathogenesis of the changes identified?

A 40-year-old woman has been diagnosed with mechanical jaundice. Yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes and bleeding are detected. What is the leading factor in the pathogenesis of bleeding?

A 45-year-old man has elevated alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and 5-nucleotidase levels in his blood. The patient most likely has the syndrome