The main types of concrete _____________ are ‘independent’, ‘strip’, ‘raft’, and ‘pile’.

The foundation that extends the whole length and breadth of a building and is called _______.

A _________ or map foundation consists of a solid reinforced concrete slab which extents under the entire building area and supports all the wall and column loads from the building.

A __________ footing projects about 5–6 cm beyond the edge of a wall or column.

A __________ footing supports a wall by extending along the entire length of the wall.

__________ footings are used when footing is not permitted to project to the exterior walls.

A __________ footing supports a row of three or more columns.

A __________ footing, provided for a wider distribution of the load over the soil.

A __________ footing consists of the structural elements which are tiers of parallel steel I-beams or timber beams.

Pile foundations are made of timber, __________ or steel.

The different ways of preparing foundations are depended on the __________.

Concrete piles are either _______ or cast at the site.

Because of safe foundations for buildings, several major considerable factors are _______.

The function of foundation _________ the loads of the structure above and transmits the loads to the ground.

A raft foundation is often suitable in very __________.

___________ is a very hard building material made by mixing together cement, sand, small stones and water.

__________ is a substructure which is placed below the surface of the ground to transmit the loads to the underlying soil or rock.

The function of footing is to spread the building loads over a sufficient area of ________ to secure adequate bearing capacity.

An isolated or independent footing supports a _________ column, pier, or other concentrated loads.

A single-column footing is usually __________, sometimes rectangular.

A wall footing supports a wall by __________ along the entire length of the wall.

A strap footing consists of two footings __________ by a beam, called a strap.

________ continuous foundation consists of continuous footings placed at the right angles to each other.

A simple footings are used only for ________ loads, and the stresses in the material are low.

All the beams __________ of reinforced concrete.

Nowadays cast iron _______________ by steel.

__________ will support bearing pressures up to 15 tons per square foot.

You can’t put a door here because this is a __________ .

To what depth will the caisson be _______?

Before the piles are cast, we must have _________ measurements.

Concrete piles are either precast or _________ at the construction site.

The cast in site does not need to be ______________ .

The columns add beauty to the ____________ .

Separate footings may be used to support ____________ .

A fracture has __________ in the dock wall.

Rock forms an excellent ____________ .

A __________ will be necessary for the foundation.

The molding is left in place until the _________ has hardened.

This ________ reaches to an unusual depth.

When the surface soil is too weak, _________ may be used.

We believe this structure is going to require ____________ .

The precast piles will be driven with a __________ .

If a bed of clay is dry when a foundation is built above it, the foundation will not ________ .

The columns in the centre, however, are supported by separate _________ .

These will transfer the weight to stronger __________ .

Then the entire _________ is covered by a slab to resist the upward soil pressure.

The subsidence of the foundation brings about cracks in the _________ .

Foundations are usually made of __________ .

There are _______ main types of concrete foundations.