The nerve membrane becomes more permeable to the sodium ion, and the ion balance of the nerve cell reverses. The inside of the nerve is now electrically positive compared with the outside of the nerve.

Immediately after depolarization, the permeability of the membrane to the sodium ion once again decreases, as the sodium pump actively transports the sodium ion out of the nerve cell while potassium ions diffuse and are pumped to the inside of the nerve cell.

The primary action of local anesthetic agents is in reducing nerve membrane permeability to ______

Pain receptors of the trigeminal nerves send impulses down the axon of the nerve via which three nerve branches?

The body's system for detecting and signaling potential or actual tissue damage, using specialized nerve endings called ____________ to send "warning signals to the brain.

Local anesthetics block nerve conduction by?

Multiple factors affect duration of action of local anesthetic. Which of these DO NOT affect duration of action?

Most local anesthetics are ___________ bases.

Localized infection has what effect on the duration of local anesthetic?

The primary function of vasoconstrictors in local anesthetic is to _________ anesthetic duration and ______ bleeding.

Which vasoconstrictor is not used in the United States?

Epinephrine can be used in multiple concentrations, but the most common concentration is?

Which of these is NOT an absolute contraindication for vasoconstrictors?

What is the maximum amount of epinephrine that can be administered for a patient with cardiovascular disease?

What is the cardiac dose in carpules for lidocaine 1:100,00?

These are all anatomical variations that affect the duration of local anesthetic EXCEPT?

Supraperiosteal infiltrations are effective in providing pulpal anesthesia for ________?

Which anesthetic has the longest duration of action?

Amides undergo biotransformation in the _________?

Esters undergo biotransformation in the _________?

Which local anesthetic is classified as "short duration"?

Which local anesthetic has the shortest half life?

Articaine has a short half-life because it is mostly hydrolyzed by______?

The first sign of systemic local anesthetic toxicity is often _______________?

What is the volume of a local anesthetic carpule?

Which is NOT a need gauge used in dentistry?

When providing local anesthesia with a supraperiosteal infiltration, what length needle should be used?

What is the most common cause of needle breakage?