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WorksheetsIntroduction Unit 1 & Human Development (Part 1)
Total questions: 98
Worksheet time: 33hrs 40mins
Which phrase best defines the independent variable in an experiment?
Group kept constant for comparison
Outcome measured after the procedure
Factor manipulated by the researcher
Belief-based effect without medicine
What is the dependent variable in a study?
The condition held constant
The belief that causes improvement
The manipulated treatment factor
The result that changes due to manipulation
Which group does not receive the key treatment in an experiment?
Double-blind group
Placebo group
Control group
Experimental group
Why are placebos sometimes effective?
They contain mild active drugs
They reduce random assignment bias
They block the independent variable
They work because people expect improvement
In naturalistic observation, how are subjects expected to act?
Perform assigned tasks in a lab setting
Respond to structured survey questions
Act normally without awareness of observation
Follow researcher instructions carefully
Which statement best defines psychology?
Artistic study of human creativity
Clinical practice focused only on disorders
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Philosophical study of consciousness and ethics
What makes a double-blind study distinct?
Participants know the treatment assignment
Researcher knows who receives placebo
Only the participants are kept unaware
Neither participants nor researchers know assignments
What is the primary concern when designing survey questions?
The wording of the questions
The length of the questionnaire
The font size of the text
The color of the paper
Which best describes a field experiment?
Completed without any human participants
Performed only with computer simulations
Conducted away from the laboratory setting
Conducted entirely inside a laboratory
What is a placebo?
Therapy that uses talk and counseling
Dietary supplement with vitamins
Active medication with strong effects
Treatment with no active ingredient
A hypothesis is best described as which of the following?
A summary of previous studies
A list of operational definitions
A statement of expected results
A law proven beyond doubt
In an experiment, which group is exposed to the independent variable?
Randomized group
Placebo group
Experimental group
Control group
Must psychological experiments conform to A.P.A. standards?
No, only medical studies must
Only if humans are not involved
Yes, ethical guidelines are required
Sometimes, for student projects
Which factor most strongly influences separation anxiety in young children?
The brain’s level of development
Parental income level
Number of siblings at home
Amount of media exposure
If an animal misses learning a skill during its critical period, can it ever learn it?
Only with genetic modification
Yes, it can still learn later
Yes, but only with surgery
No, the ability is permanently lost
Why is learning a foreign language harder at older ages?
Grammar rules become more complex
Vocabulary is too large to memorize
Foreign sounds were not reinforced during infancy
Older brains are less creative
Development within a species typically follows what kind of pattern?
Unique path for each individual
Erratic and variable sequence
Orderly and specific pattern
Random and unpredictable progression
What is maturation?
Purely social growth without physical change
Learning caused by external rewards only
Automatic, orderly, sequential physical and mental development
Sudden mental changes without biology
Which method relies on observing behavior in real-world settings without interference?
Interview using self-report scales
Controlled laboratory testing
Naturalistic observation of subjects
Survey with leading questions
During surveys, which practice helps ensure valid results?
Avoid piloting the instrument
Use vague and suggestive wording
Include only yes-or-no items
Keep questions neutral and clear
Which theorist is best known for moral development research?
B. F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
Lawrence Kohlberg
Which psychologist is associated with cognitive development stages?
Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
John Watson
Operant conditioning is primarily learning caused by what?
Pairing neutral and unconditioned stimuli
Actions we perform and their consequences
Unconscious psychodynamic processes
Observing and imitating models
Classical conditioning is best associated with which figure?
Mary Cover Jones
John Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B. F. Skinner
Who is most closely linked to operant conditioning?
John Watson
Jean Piaget
B. F. Skinner
Lawrence Kohlberg
In operant conditioning, what does extinction refer to?
Stopping reinforcement so the behavior declines
Removing the unconditioned stimulus permanently
Erasing a cognitive map from memory
Breaking a behavior chain into parts
Which sequence best outlines operant conditioning mechanics?
US, CS, CR
Stimulus, response, reinforcement
Modeling, imitation, motivation
Attention, retention, reproduction
What is the basic principle of operant conditioning?
Emotion determines reinforcement schedules
Development follows fixed maturation only
Learning occurs through passive pairing
The organism plays an active role
Which concept did Mary Cover Jones use to reduce phobias?
Rapid exposure without reinforcement
Aversion therapy with unpleasant stimuli
Associating something pleasant with the feared object
Systematic punishment for avoidance
Generalization occurs when a conditioned response transfers to what?
Completely unrelated contexts
Similar stimuli beyond the original
Purely internal thoughts
Only the original stimulus
Which idea is illustrated when someone imitates behavior seen on TV?
Skinner’s reinforcement schedules
Kohlberg’s moral stages
Bandura’s social learning theory
Piaget’s conservation task
What did John Watson’s research focus on?
Schedules of reinforcement
Mechanically inducing emotional responses
Mapping children’s cognitive schemas
Moral dilemmas across cultures
In classical conditioning, the Little Albert case demonstrated what?
Extinction through repeated exposure
Reinforcement by positive rewards
Generalization to other furry objects
Stimulus discrimination with unique cues
What do cognitive maps help people do?
Recall moral rules quickly
Find and navigate locations
Predict observational learning
Memorize reinforcement patterns
Once an ability is inherited, can environmental factors still affect it?
No, genes fully determine ability
Only during early childhood
Only with explicit reinforcement
Yes, environment can shape expression
Is it usually possible to speed up a species’ developmental timetable through training?
Yes, greatly with intense practice
No, generally it is not possible
Sometimes, with social modeling
Only if reinforcement is continuous
Monozygotic twins are also called what?
Mirror-image twins
Dizygotic twins
Identical twins
Fraternal twins
Which neural structure carries outgoing messages from the cell body?
Axon
Soma
Synapse
Dendrite
Which neuron part receives incoming signals from other neurons?
Cell body nucleus region
Axon terminal branches
Myelin sheath layers
Dendritic tree structures
What is the small gap across which neurotransmitters are released?
Nodes of Ranvier space
Synaptic cleft gap
Axon hillock junction
Corpus callosum bridge
Which lobe primarily processes visual information?
Frontal lobe functions
Parietal lobe touch
Occipital lobe vision
Temporal lobe hearing
Which lobe responds to sensations of touch and body position?
Occipital lobe visual
Parietal lobe somatosensory
Temporal lobe auditory
Frontal lobe motor
Damage to Phineas Gage’s brain in the accident most affected which lobe?
Parietal lobe spatial
Occipital lobe visual
Temporal lobe memory
Frontal lobe regulation
What connects the two cerebral hemispheres and coordinates activities?
Cerebellar peduncles
Basal ganglia nuclei
Corpus callosum fibers
Thalamic relay center
What is the study of the brain and nervous system called?
Psychometrics area
Endocrinology field
Hemodynamics study
Neuroscience discipline
Which chemicals are released by synaptic vesicles to affect the next neuron?
Hormones in bloodstream
Enzymes in cytoplasm
Electrolytes in axoplasm
Neurotransmitters at synapse
Which neurotransmitter is lacking in Parkinson’s disease?
GABA inhibitory mediator
Acetylcholine muscle activator
Dopamine movement modulator
Serotonin mood regulator
Acetylcholine primarily influences which function?
Sleep cycles regulation
Movement at neuromuscular junctions
Vision in occipital cortex
Endocrine gland secretion
Which gland signals other glands to start working?
Pineal circadian gland
Adrenal stress gland
Thyroid metabolic gland
Pituitary master gland
Which gland controls metabolism?
Thalamus neural relay
Thyroid metabolic rate
Adrenal cortisol release
Pituitary hormonal control
What chemical substance reduces pain perception?
Insulin pancreatic hormone
Endorphins natural analgesics
Acetylcholine synaptic agent
Dopamine reward transmitter
What is the term for the deep depression dividing the two hemispheres?
Ventricle fluid cavity
Fissure dividing cleft
Gyrus cortical ridge
Sulcus shallow groove
Which structure primarily relays incoming and outgoing brain information?
Thalamus relay center
Hippocampus memory hub
Cerebellum balance coordinator
Amygdala fear processor
What does the reticular activating system regulate?
Sleepiness and alertness levels
Fine motor coordination
Language comprehension skills
Vision and color detection
Which hemisphere typically controls speech for most people?
Right hemisphere language
Cerebellar hemisphere movement
Left hemisphere speech
Occipital hemisphere vision
Which lobe is engaged when watching someone write on the board?
Occipital visual processing
Parietal spatial mapping
Temporal auditory decoding
Frontal voluntary planning
Neurons that carry messages from the brain to muscles are called what?
Glial cells support
Motor neurons efferent
Interneurons local circuit
Sensory neurons afferent
Are all nerve cells the same size and shape?
Only in the cortex
No diverse structures
Only in the spinal cord
Yes identical morphology
Which manual organizes psychological conditions into formal categories used by clinicians?
ICD-11 injury catalog
DSM-V classification system
WHO wellness guide
APA therapy handbook
Which set best represents core symptoms of schizophrenia?
Memory loss, identity change, relocation
Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech
Euphoria, rapid ideas, high energy
Persistent worry, muscle tension, restlessness
High dopamine activity is most closely linked to which disorder?
Schizophrenia
Dysthymic disorder
Psychogenic fugue
Generalized anxiety
A person who feels sad for long periods may be described as having which condition?
OCD
Depression
Mania
Catatonia
Intense excitement with elevated mood and activity is best termed as what?
Catatonia
Mania
Fugue
Dysthymia
Repetitive window washing every day most likely indicates which disorder?
Schizophrenia spectrum
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Borderline personality
Psychogenic amnesia
A person who stays motionless in a fixed posture for hours is showing which state?
Phobic
Manic
Catatonic
Histrionic
Which description best matches dysthymic disorder?
Persistent worry and fear
Extreme euphoria and racing speech
Low energy and reduced appetite
Sudden identity change and travel
Thoughts of suicide or death are most often associated with which diagnosis?
Generalized anxiety
Antisocial personality
Schizoaffective disorder
Major depression
Violent acts without remorse most closely indicate which personality disorder?
Antisocial personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder
Obsessive-compulsive personality
Unstable intense relationships, dependence, and self-destructive tendencies suggest which diagnosis?
Narcissistic personality disorder
Paranoid personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Which term refers to amnesia followed by assuming a new life in a different place?
Dissociative identity
Psychogenic fugue
Post-traumatic stress
Conversion disorder
What might higher serotonin levels contribute to in mood states?
Obsessive rituals
Flat affect
Catatonic features
Manic tendencies
The typical age of onset for schizophrenia suggests which general cause?
Purely learned habits
Biological factors
Financial stress alone
Nutritional deficiency
Which condition involves persistent apprehension over long periods?
Psychogenic fugue
Catatonic state
Manic episode
Anxiety disorder
Would a typical personality disorder diagnosis usually include high levels of depression?
No, not as defining feature
Yes, as central criterion
Always with psychotic signs
Only in childhood cases
Which trio is most characteristic of positive symptoms in schizophrenia?
Excess energy, pressured talk, grandiosity
Low mood, sleep changes, hopeless feelings
Auditory hallucinations, delusional beliefs, disorganized speech
Memory gaps, travel, new identity
Which behavior best demonstrates compulsions rather than simple habits?
Occasional tidying before guests
Weekly chore done for convenience
Spontaneous organizing once
Rigid repetitive cleaning despite distress
Which outcome is more associated with abusive parenting according to risk links?
Autism spectrum disorder
Antisocial traits or DID
Seasonal affective disorder
Panic attacks only
Which pair correctly contrasts mania and depression?
Elevated energy vs. persistent low mood
Identity change vs. lack of appetite
Fixed posture vs. racing thoughts
Compulsions vs. hallucinations
Which part of Freud’s model seeks immediate gratification of basic drives?
Superego
Ego
Id
Persona
Which component mediates between impulses and morals to make realistic decisions?
Id
Ego
Superego
Archetype
Which structure represents internalized ideals and moral standards?
Ego
Shadow
Id
Superego
In Freud’s stages, the Oedipus Complex is associated with which stage?
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
What emotional pattern defines the Oedipus Complex?
Attachment only to same‑sex peers
Hostility toward both parents equally
Fear of strangers and crowds
Attraction to opposite‑sex parent and jealousy toward same‑sex parent
A student who chooses not to cheat demonstrates which part of personality at work?
Collective unconscious
Superego
Ego
Id
Skinner proposed that reinforcements tend to strengthen what?
Dreams
Behavior
Beliefs
Emotions
According to behaviorism, personality primarily develops through what?
Innate archetypes
A system of punishments and rewards
Free association with therapists
Unresolved dream symbolism
Humanistic theory says a self‑actualized person has done what?
Brought to life the full potential of their skills
Mastered every psychosexual stage twice
Rejected social rules completely
Eliminated all desires
Erikson’s Generativity versus Stagnation stage emphasizes what adult task?
Develop basic trust in caregivers
Explore identity through peer groups
Resolve autonomy through toilet training
Expand and give something important to the world
Which method did Freud first use to study and treat his patients?
Psychoanalysis
Hypnosis
Behavioral conditioning
Humanistic counseling
Free association in therapy is intended to help patients do what?
Perfect observational skills
Suppress all emotions
Strengthen moral reasoning
Reveal unconscious wishes and desires
What concise definition captures “personality” in psychology?
A single dominant emotional trait
A momentary mood swing
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
A list of favorite hobbies and skills
What does the persona often express?
A fixed biological temperament
A mask people wear to hide what they really are or feel
A strict moral code learned in childhood
A set of innate instincts shared by all
Freud believed childhood conflicts primarily affect what later outcome?
Dream symbolism
Adult behavior
Academic performance only
Physical health exclusively
Which factors can contribute to developing schizophrenia?
Only traumatic events and social isolation
Age of father, maternal health, dopamine levels, family history
High sugar intake, lack of exercise, poor sleep, loud music
Exclusive exposure to television and social media
Approximately what percentage of the total population becomes schizophrenic?
1%
20%
10%
5%
About what percentage of U.S. prison inmates suffer from schizophrenia or bipolar disorder?
10%
5%
1%
25%
Would someone with a personality disorder usually exhibit high levels of guilt?
Only during therapy sessions
Always fluctuating unpredictably
No, typically not high guilt
Yes, typically high guilt
Would someone with a personality disorder usually exhibit high levels of anxiety?
Only during psychosexual stages
Yes, typically high anxiety
No, typically not high anxiety
Only in late adulthood
