Worksheetsmon thi 20/1
Total questions: 94
Worksheet time: 48mins
Innovation can only happen in the private sector because the public sector is not concerned with making profits or competition between firms
true
false
Which of these would not normally be considered an incremental innovation
An electric car
A low fat hamburger
Faster train journeys through better signaling
Chicken and onion flavor potato chips
Which of these innovations is a typical example of “technology” or “knowledge” push
The Walkman personal radio on 1
Radar
The Pilkington float glass process
Online banking
Youtube and related video sharing internet sites
Innovation can take many forms, all involving a change of some kind. Which of the following is not a form of innovation
Product (or service) innovation-changes in what is offered to the world
Petroleum innovation-amount spent monthly by a business on its fuel costs
Process innovation-changes in the way offerings are created and delivered
Position innovation-changes in the context in which innovations are launched
Which of the following would you class as a radical innovation
The fibre tip pen
The electric light buld
The laser
The photocopier
Wide-bodied jet airlners
Which of the following is not a source of strategic advantage through innovation
Complexity-offering something which others find difÏcult to master
Legal protection of intellectual property-offering something which others cannot do unless they pay a license or other fee
Scale of investment in R&D
Novelty in product or service offering-offering something no one else can
Peer-to-peer networking of the kind pioneered by Napster and now forming the basis of Internet file sharing is an example of radical innovation
true
false
Haagen-Dazs ice cream was created to open a new market among adults for what had traditionally been seen as a children’s food. This is an example of position innovation
true
false
Innovation can take many forms. Running a hospital booking system that reduces patient waiting time is an example of which kind of innovation
Process
Position
Product
Paradigm
.Which of the following is not an example of product innovation
a new toothpaste
a new car design
a new version of the iPod
computer-control of manufacturing operations
Successful innovation depends on having patent protection for the core idea
true
false
Innovation always requires a radical flash of insight-a ‘eureka!’ moment
true
false
Innovation success is directly linked to the size of investment in research and development (R&D)
true
false
Which of the following would not normally be considered a radical innovation
The jet turbine engine
Integrated circuits
Increased color choice on the Volkswagen ‘Beetle’ car
Antibiotic drugs
Social entrepreneurship does not concern itself with commercial questions
true
false
There is no way to resolve the conflict between commercial business goals and those of social innovation
true
false
The triple bottom line is
Marking on a ship to show how heavily laden it is
A bookkeeping convention to minimize accounting mistakes
An accounting system suitable for joint ventures between firms
A company reporting framework designed to take into account not just financial outcomes but also environmental and social performance
.Which of these is not a difference between social entrepreneurs and commercial entrepreneurs?
Social entrepreneurs are less concerned with independence and wealth, and more on social means and ends
Social entrepreneurs are older than commercial entrepreneurs
Social entrepreneurs place less emphasis on short-term growth and longterm harvesting of the venture, and more concern on long-term change and enduring heritage
Social entrepreneurs place less reliance on the firm and management team to execute the venture, and greater reliance on a network of stakeholders and resources to develop and deliver change
While empathy and a need for social justice may be necessary attributes of a social entrepreneur, they are not sufÏcient
true
false
Which of the following would not qualify as a discontinuous innovation
Voice over internet protocol (VOIP) telephony
Gene therapies for cancer treatment
Flat bed sleeping in business class airline cabins
The internet
Which of the following is the discontinuous innovation
Moving from four to six-cylinder car engines
Moving from CD to DVD music and entertainment systems
Moving from small shops to self-service supermarkets
Moving form sugar to artificial sweeteners in food products
The fluid phase of innovation is a common term used to describe catalytic cracking in the oil industry.
true
false
Discontinuous shifts in technology always favor newcomer firms and established firms inevitably fail to take advantage of them
true
false
A dominant design is one imposed by the largest firm in a sector on the rest of that industry
true
false
Which of these innovations would not qualify as a dominant design
The two-wheeled diamond frame bicycle
Direct online insurance via the internet
The petrol driven internal combustion engine
The 5 string bass guitar
Within the transitional phase in Abernathy and Utterback’s model, the predominant type of innovation is in major process innovations required by rising volume
true
false
The “fluid” pattern in Abernathy and Utterback’s model is characterized by incremental product and process innovation
true
false
The growing success of low cost airlines in the travel market is an example of disruptive innovation
true
false
Discontinuous innovations are always associated with radical technological breakthroughs
true
false
The use of tungsten filaments instead of carbon was a discontinuous innovation in the lighting industry
true
false
The problem for the firms that found their marketplace disrupted in the computer disk drive industry wasn’t that they didn’t listen to customers but rather that they listened too well-to the wrong customers
true
false
Which of the following are strategies for picking up weak signals about discontinuities
Diversity-enabling odd connections to be made
Market research across existing customer groups
Probe and learn/prototyping
Competitor analysis and benchmarking of their products
e. Work with the “fuzzy front end” f. Use futures techniques-scenarios, forecasting
.Discontinuous innovation always come from outside the firm because of the difÏculty of making them fit with the mainstream
true
false
Four factors have a major influence on the ability of a firm to develop and create value through innovation. Which of the following is not one of these factors?
Its ability to identify and exploit external sources of innovation, especially international networks.
Its ability to invest in basic science and technology
Its power and market position within the international value chain, which in part defines the innovation-based opportunities and threats that it faces.
The national system of innovation in which the firm is embedded, and which in part defines its range of choices in dealing with opportunities and threats.
In his popular book, The World is Flat: The globalized world in the 21st century (Penguin, 2006), Thomas Friedman argues that developments in technology and trade, in particular information and communications technologies (ICTs), are spreading the benefits of globalization to the merging economies, promoting their development and growth. Which of the following is not true
Technology and innovation are evenly distributed globally.
Technology and innovation are not easily transferred across regions or firms.
Different national contexts influence the ability of firms to absorb such technology and innovation
The position of firms in international value chains can constrain their ability to exploit innovation.
Deciding where to locate and perform R&D depends on a number of factors. Which of the following is not a significant influence?
R&D supporting overseas production should be located close to that of overseas production.
R&D supporting existing businesses (i.e. products, processes, divisions) should be located in established divisions.
R&D supporting global products and services should be located overseas
R&D supporting new businesses should initially be located in central laboratories, then transferred to divisions for exploitation.
Which of the following is not one of the main factors influencing the decision where to locate R&D globally?
The importance of external sources of technical and market knowledge, e.g. sources of technology, suppliers, and customers
The quality of the science and technology base
The importance and costs of internal transactions, e.g. between engineering and production
The cost and disruption of relocating key personnel to the chosen site
Firms have many reasons for monitoring and learning from the development of technological, production and organizational competencies of systems of innovation in other countries, and especially from those that are growing and strong. Which of the following is not a significant reason?
Understanding and imitating foreign systems of innovation
Firms can benefit more specifically from the technology generated in foreign systems of innovation
Potential sources of improvement in the corporate management of innovation
Identify and plan for firms with a potential capacity to compete through innovation
Which of the following is the least common method used by firms to learn about competitors’ innovations?
Licensing
Reverse engineering
Patent analysis
Publications
The national system of innovation in which a firm is embedded matters greatly, because it strongly influences both the direction and the vigor of its own innovative activities. This includes national market incentives and pressures to which firms have to respond. Which of the following is not a significant incentive?
Local production input prices, where international differences can help generate very different pressures for innovation
Local (private and public) investment activities, which create innovative opportunities for local suppliers
Local skills and knowledge
Local natural resources, which create opportunities for innovation in both upstream extraction and downstream processing
Firms’ innovative behaviors are strongly influenced by the competencies of their managers and the ways in which their performance is judged and rewarded (and punished). Methods of judgment and reward vary considerably among countries, according to their national systems of corporate governance: in other words, the systems for exercising and changing corporate ownership and control. Which of the following is not generally true?
In the Anglo-Saxon system, corporate ownership (shareholders) is separate from corporate control (managers).
In the Anglo-Saxon system, investors are slow to deal with poor investment choices.
In the Nippon–Rhineland system, a higher priority is given to investment than to returns to shareholders.
In the Nippon–Rhineland system, banks, suppliers and customers are more heavily locked into the firms in which they invest.
Technological leadership in firms does not necessarily translate itself into economic benefits. The capacity of the firm to appropriate the benefits of its investment in technology depends on its position. Which of the following is not relevant?
Innovation “leadership”—where firms aim at being first to market, based on technological leadership
Complementary assets or capabilities in marketing and distribution
Capacity to defend its advantage against imitators, for example, through standards or intellectual property
The learning curve in production generates both lower costs, and a particular and powerful form of accumulated and largely tacit knowledge
Firms in emerging economies may pursue different routes to upgrading through innovation. Which of the following is not a common pathway?
Capability upgrading—improving the range of functions undertaken, or changing the mix of functions, for example, production versus development or marketing
Process upgrading—incremental process improvements to adapt to local inputs, reduce costs or to improve quality
Competitiveness upgrading—adopting best-practice methods from developed economies
Inter-sectoral upgrading—moving to different sectors, for example, to those with higher value-added
Prahalad and Hamel argue that the capacity to open new product markets requires distinctive core competencies, coupled with methods of corporate organization and evaluation that explicitly recognize the importance of these competencies. Which of the following is not true of core competencies?
Contribute to more than one core product, and to more than one business unit.
Suggests that large and multidivisional firms should be viewed as a collection of strategic business units
Require focus: Companies are likely to lead in more than five or six core competencies
Are supported by organizational competencies such communication, involvement, and a commitment to working across organizational boundaries
David Teece and Gary Pisano integrate the various dimensions of innovation strategy into what they call the “dynamic capabilities” approach. This emphasizes the need to:
Manage strategically to adapt and re-configure capabilities
Make significant investments in emerging technological trajectories
Adopt a strategic position as market leader
Strategically anticipate future technologies and markets
The notions of core competence and dynamic capabilities are useful as they emphasize the importance of developing firm-level resources. However, there are a number of limitations to these approaches. Which of the following is not a significant limitation of the concepts?
Industries face differing potentials for technology-based diversification
Recommendations that firms should concentrate resources on a few distinctive world-beating technological competencies are misleading
Emphasizes the difÏculty of capturing and transferring knowledge due to its tacit nature and context-specificity
More general enabling competencies for the coordination of changes in supply, production and distribution systems are necessary
A strategic goal is to get the right balance between exploitation of existing competencies and the exploitation and development of new competencies. Which of the following is not a critical issue in this respect?
The breadth and limits of management cognition that influence decision-making
The skills and experience of employees and other human capital
The internal and external relationships that influence access to information and knowledge
The vision, control and power of senior managers
There is no widely accepted definition or method of measurement of competencies. Which of the following statements is not true?
Functional measures might include capabilities in design, development or production.
Need to identify the range of disciplines or fields that contribute to a technology
Need to be based on specific strategic technological targets.
Need to identify the new competencies that must be developed
For successful innovation the ratio between “exploit” and “explore” search behavior should be 80%/20%.
true
false
The iPhone is a good example of market pull innovation
true
false
Which of these is not an example of incremental innovation?
Samsung’s Galaxy 8 smartphone
The first microwave oven
Windows 10 software
Innovation always follows a straight line diffusion path over time
true
false
Which of these is not an aspect of knowledge flow for innovation
knowledge brokers
communities of practice
gatekeepers
abdorptive capacity
knowledge supermarkets
The “sailing ship” effect relates to innovation in container ship design.
true
false
Ambidextrous organizations are those in which there is an equal balance of left and right handed people on the staff
true
false
Which of these is not a search pattern associated with emergence and reframing?
Working with “extreme users”
Working with markets and users at “the bottom of the pyramid”
Working with your existing best group of loyal customers
Working with new geographical markets
Which of these is not a widely used search method to acquire new knowledge for innovation?
working with suppliers
visiting trade fairs and exhibitions
partnering with universities
talking eith a group of friends in the pub
joining strategic knowledge alliances
“Open innovation” involves selling all the intellectual property that a firm possesses to as wide a market as possible.
true
false
Open innovation is a two way process in which an organization’s knowledge base is made available to others while at the same time the firm can find new sources of potentially useful knowledge from outside.
true
false
Which of these is not an aspect of absorptive capacity in organizations as seen by Zahra and George’s model?
recognizing
acquiring
modernizing
amssimilating
deploying
Open innovation is primarily concerned with external knowledge as a source of innovation.
true
false
Which of these is not a strategy for finding new knowledge to support innovation?
Sending out scouts
Working with active users
Exploring multiple futures
Solving crossword puzzles
Connecting with communities of practice
“Knowledge push” refers to:
A software tool for accelerating product development
Creating innovation opportunities from the results of knowledge production—for example through R&D
A government policy approach to fund high tech cities
A venture capital agency
“Need pull” only refers to innovations linked to commercial markets
true
false
Innovations only emerge as a result of scientific R&D
true
false
Understanding user needs is only relevant as a source of innovation in consumer product markets.
true
false
Innovation at the base of the pyramid refers to:
Construction innovation approaches to new structures
Exploration of innovation opportunities for products/services in high volume but low income markets
Segmentation of consumer product marketing innovation
Disruptive innovation always occurs when a new technology replaces an existing one.
true
false
“Reverse innovation” refers to:
A novel approach to project management
The condition where innovations developed for a different market (for example, in low income emerging countries) migrate to an established market where its features are valued
A creative thinking technique
“Mass customization” refers to:
An improved version of Henry Ford’s original approach for car manufacturing
An approach that tries to customise products/services to specific user needs without incurring cost penalties of high variety production
A series of innovations in the Catholic church
User-led innovation is a marketing technique that involves asking potential users whether they will adopt an innovation.
true
false
Which of the following did not emerge first as a user-led innovation?
The pickup truck
Linux software
The iPhone
The Internet
“Jugaad innovation” refers to:
A Bollywood film
An approach to innovation that emphasises improvisation and simple solutions
A project management tool for accelerating product development
“Recombinant innovation” is:
A technique in genetic engineering
A cross-functional team approach to new product development
Applying innovation ideas from one sector in another
Government regulation always stifles innovation.
true
false
Accidents and mistakes are sometimes a rich source of innovation.
false
true
“Absorptive capacity” refers to:
Performance measurement of sponges and tissue paper
The ability of an organization to recognize, acquire, assimilate and use new knowledge from external sources
The knowledge base of the enterprise, measured in terms of the number of university degrees of its staff
“Sending out scouts” is:
A technique to enhance peripheral search for innovation opportunities
A strategy used in military maneuvers
A market research tool based on working with community groups
Innovations can always be traced back to a single source
true
false
Which of the following is not the result of knowledge push innovation?
Polyethylene plastics
Float glass manufacture
ARM’s chipset for mobile phones
Haagen-Dazs ice cream
‘Ethnography’ refers to
A study handwriting
A tool (originally derived from anthropology) to understand user needs by observing closely their behaviour in context
A market research tool based on questionnaire surveys
Which of the following would NOT qualify as a discon琀椀nuous innova琀椀on?
Voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) telephony
Gene therapies for cancer treatment
Flat bed sleeping in business class airline cabins
The Internet
Which of the following is the discon琀椀nuous innova琀椀on?
Moving from four to six cylinder car engines
Moving from CD to DVD music and entertainment systems
Moving from small shops to self-service supermarkets
Moving from sugar to artificial sweetencers in food products
Four factors have a major in昀氀uence on the ability of a 昀椀rm to develop and create value through innova琀椀on. Which of the following is not one of these factors?
Its ability to identify and exploit external sources of innovation, especially international networks
Its ability to invest in basic science and technology.
Its power and market position within the international value chain, which in part defines the innovation-based opportunities and threats that it faces
The na琀椀onal system of innova琀椀on in which the 昀椀rm is embedded, and which in part de昀椀nes its range of choices in dealing with opportuni琀椀es and threats
In his popular book, The World is Flat: The globalized world in the 21st century (Penguin, 2006), Thomas Friedman argues that developments in technology and trade, in particular information and communications technologies (ICTs), are spreading the benefits of globalization to the merging economies, promoting their development and growth. Which of the following is not true?
Technology and innovation are evenly distributed globally.
Technology and innovation are not easily transferred across regions or firms
Different national contexts influence the ability of firms to absorb such technology and innovation.
The position of firms in international value chains can constrain their ability to exploit innovation
The national system of innovation in which a firm is embedded matters greatly, because it strongly influences both the direction and the vigour of its own innovate activities. This includes national market incentives and pressures to which firms have to respond. Which of the following is not a significant incentive
local production input prices, where internation differneces can help generate very different pressures for innovation
Local (private and public) investment activities, which vreate innovative opportunities for local suppliers
Local skills and knowledge
Local natural resources, which create opportunities for innovation in bobth upstream extraction and downstream processing
Firms’ innovative behaviours are strongly influenced by the competencies of their managers and the ways in which their performance is judged and rewarded (and punished). Methods of judgment and reward vary considerably among countries, according to their national systems of corporate governance: in other words, the systems for exercising and changing corporate ownership and control. Which of the following is not generally true?
In the Anglo-Saxon system, corporate ownership (shareholders) is separate from corporate control (managers).
In the Anglo-Saxon system, investors are slow to deal with poor investment choices.
In the Nippon–Rhineland system, a higher priority is given to investment than to returns to shareholders.
In the Nippon–Rhineland system, banks, suppliers and customers are more heavily locked into the firms in which they invest
Technological leadership in firms does not necessarily translate itself into economic benefits. The capacity of the firm to appropriate the benefits of its investment in technology depends on its position. Which of the following is not relevant?
Innovation “leadership”—where firms aim at being first to market, based on technological leadership
Complementary assets or capabilities in marketing and distribution
Capacity to defend its advantage against imitators, for example, through standards or intellectual property
The learning curve in produc琀椀on generates both lower costs, and a par琀椀cular and powerful form of accumulated and largely tacit knowledge
Prahalad and Hamel argue that the capacity to open new product markets requires distinctive core competencies, coupled with methods of corporate organization and evaluation that explicitly recognize the importance of these competencies. Which of the following is not true of core competencies
Contribute to more than one core product, and to more than one business unit
Suggest that large and multidivisional firms should be viewed as a collection of strategic business units
Require focus: companies are likely to lead in more than five or six core competencies
Are supported by organizational competencies such as communication, involvement, and a commitment to working across organizational boundaries
David Teece and Gary Pisano integrate the various dimensions of innovation strategy into what they call the “dynamic capabilities” approach. This emphasizes the need to
Manage strategically to adapt and re-configure capabilities
Make significant investments in emerging technological trajectories
Adopt a strategic position as market leader
Strategically anticipate future technologies and markets
The notions of core competence and dynamic capabilities are useful as they emphasize the importance of developing firm-level resources. However, there are a number of limitations to these approaches. Which of the following is not a significant limitation of the concepts?
Industries face differing potentials for technology-based diverification
Recommendations that firms should concentrate resources on a few distinctive world-beating technological competencies are misleading
E
M
A strategic goal is to get the right balance between exploitation of existing competencies and the exploitation and development of new competencies. Which of the following is not a critical issue in this respect?
The breadth and limits of management cognition that influence decision-making
The skills and experience of employees and other human capital
The internal and external relationships that influence access to information and knowledge
The vision, control and power of senior managers
There is no widely accepted definition or method of measurement of competencies. Which of the following statements is not true?
Functional measures might include capabilities in design, developemnt or production
Need to identify the range of disciplines or fields that contribute to a technology
Need to be based on specific strategic technological targets
Need to identify the new competencies that must be developed
Innovation is defined as the process of creating value from what?
Patents
R&D
Inventions
Ideas
