What is the infant milestone when repetitive, nonsensical vocalizations are produced during early experimentation with sounds?

Which idea argues that language shapes thought, potentially limiting or determining cognitive processes?

In operant conditioning, what do we call a cue that signals the availability of reinforcement for a particular behavior?

During conditioning, what term describes the initial learning phase in which a response is first established?

Which concept suggests organisms are innately predisposed to form certain associations more easily than others?

Which term refers broadly to a symbolic system for communication that uses rules to convey meaning?

Which process increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing or avoiding an aversive stimulus?

Forming associations between stimuli and responses, such as in classical and operant conditioning, is best described as which type of learning?

In reinforcement schedules, which term means rewards are delivered after a fixed number of responses or a fixed amount of time?

What attachment style is characterized by an infant using the caregiver as a secure base and showing distress upon separation?

In classical conditioning, what is a stimulus that initially elicits no response but becomes conditioned through association with an unconditioned stimulus?

Which learning type occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and can elicit a similar response?

Responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus is called what?

Which reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement after every occurrence of the desired behavior?

Behavior intended to cause harm or injury to another person or object is best labeled as what?

Which psychologist conducted the Bobo doll experiment demonstrating observational learning and highlighted the influence of role models on behavior?

Which example best illustrates positive punishment in behavior modification?

A permissive parenting style is most accurately described as which combination of demands and responsiveness?

In Erikson’s theory, basic trust develops primarily through what kind of caregiving in infancy?

Which schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of responses?

Which statement best defines the social clock in lifespan development?

Self-concept most directly refers to what?

Temperament is best characterized as which of the following?

Which phrase accurately defines a conditioned response?

Priya is observing her younger sibling, who is at the one-word stage of language development. What is her sibling most likely doing?

Which statement correctly contrasts norms with reflexes in infancy?

Respondent behavior in classical conditioning is best described as what?

Avery has always felt that their personal sense of gender does not match the gender assigned to them at birth. Which concept does Avery’s experience most closely refer to?

Jean Piaget is best known for research on which topic?

Which statement captures the core of partial (intermittent) reinforcement?

A variable-ratio schedule typically produces which behavioral pattern?

An unconditioned response is best defined as what?

Luna, who is in her late 40s, notices that she has stopped having her monthly periods. This change is most commonly referred to as what?

Ivan Pavlov’s classic experiments demonstrated conditioning of which type of response?

Which option best defines a primary reinforcer?

Which statement best describes ecological systems theory in human development?

What is menarche in female development?

In linguistics, what does syntax refer to?

What is a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

Which statement captures the personal fable often seen in adolescence?

Which environment is most directly involved in daily interactions like family, school, and peers?

In social roles, what does the term role most closely mean?

A close interpersonal connection characterized by emotional closeness, trust, and vulnerability is called:

In Piaget’s theory, the fourth stage from about age 12 through adulthood with abstract and hypothetical thinking is the:

Learning new behaviors by observing and imitating others, without direct reinforcement, is:

A developmental stage when an organism is especially sensitive to environmental influences necessary for normal development is the:

The stage of life after adolescence marked by full development and maturity, with milestones like career and family, is:

A research method that follows the same group over a long time to examine developmental changes is a:

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring by presenting an aversive stimulus or removing a desirable one is:

A controlled environment used in operant conditioning to study animal behavior, equipped with levers or buttons, is the:

The theory proposing personality develops through a series of stages, each with a specific crisis, is:

A reinforcement schedule rewarding the first response after a set amount of time has passed is a:

Support provided to help learners acquire skills or knowledge, reduced as competence grows, is called:

A behavior repeated because it appears to produce reinforcement, though unnecessary, is:

The capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge, is:

Learning that occurs without reinforcement and may not be immediately evident, appearing when motivated to demonstrate it, is:

Which term refers to the smallest unit of language that carries meaning, such as words, prefixes, or grammatical markers?

In Piaget’s theory, what is the process of modifying existing schemas or creating new ones to incorporate new information or experiences?

Which reinforcement schedule delivers reinforcement after a variable number of responses, with the average number required remaining consistent?

Which psychologist is known for research on attachment in rhesus monkeys using wire and cloth surrogate mothers?

Which hormone is primarily associated with male development and reproductive functions, including secondary sex characteristics and sperm production?

What term describes the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus?

In operant conditioning, which technique gradually modifies behavior by reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior?

What is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language that can differentiate words and change their meanings?

Which belief, often held by adolescents, is that they are the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern?

Which form of observational learning involves learning by observing and imitating the behaviors of others?

What is the application of a grammatical rule where it doesn’t apply, often seen in children’s language development?

Which condition involves symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily functioning?

What term describes potentially traumatic events in childhood, such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction?

A psychologist known for social learning theory and self-efficacy; conducted the Bobo doll experiment demonstrating observational learning and role model influence on behavior.

A Soviet psychologist known for a sociocultural theory of cognitive development emphasizing social interaction and cultural context in shaping cognitive growth.

The status of individuals who are currently exploring various identities but have not yet made a commitment.

A set of expected behaviors, actions, and responses that guide interactions in specific social situations, such as greetings, conversations, or dating rituals.

Any object, event, or experience that evokes a response from an organism, whether biological or psychological.

A developmental stage proposed by Jeffrey Arnett, characterized by identity exploration, instability, self-focus, and possibilities, typically occurring in the late teens and early twenties.

The ability to understand and attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions, to oneself and others, crucial for social cognition and perspective-taking.

The idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus, even if they have not been explicitly paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

The ability to use learned knowledge and experience.

The status of individuals who have neither explored nor made a commitment to any identity.

A previously neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing through its association with a primary reinforcer.

Which term describes the interconnections between settings like family and school that influence development?

Which option best defines teratogens?

What condition results from prenatal alcohol exposure leading to physical and mental defects?

A mental representation of landmarks and routes in an area is called a:

Which scenario best illustrates the mesosystem?

A duckling follows the first moving object it sees after hatching. This behavior is:

Which statement best separates microsystem from mesosystem?

Evelyn was exposed in utero to certain medications and now shows developmental delays. What caused this?

Which environmental system includes peers, family, and school as direct settings?

A research brief warns pregnant individuals about alcohol, certain drugs, and toxins. These are:

Using remembered landmarks to navigate a new route relies on your:

In ecological systems theory, which level focuses on connections like family–school collaboration?

Following the first caregiver seen after birth is an example of which concept?

What concept refers to an infant’s understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight?

A toddler says, “Mom go store.” Which language pattern is illustrated?

Repeated exposure to the same rattle leads an infant to look less at it. What is this process called?

Which pattern describes infants who are distressed by separation but comforted upon reunion with the caregiver?

Which attachment style involves minimal distress during separation and avoidance upon reunion?

In Piaget’s theory, egocentrism is most typical of which stage?

Object permanence typically emerges during which Piagetian stage?

Which observation best indicates telegraphic speech?

Which scenario demonstrates habituation?

A child insists that everyone sees the picture exactly as they do. Which concept applies?

A baby stops reacting to a mobile after many viewings, then looks longer when a new shape appears. What does the increased looking suggest?

After Emma's caregiver returns following a brief absence, Emma clings to them and has difficulty being soothed. Which attachment pattern does Emma most likely display?

Which caregiver behavior most supports secure attachment development?

Telegraphic speech typically appears around which age range?

Which outcome is most linked to disorganized attachment?