What do you call something that is likely to be transmitted to people through the environment?

A reservoir of an infectious agent can be

The ______of a particular disease is the number of new cases in a population in a given time period

Which of the following could be used to prevent food-borne illness? Choose all that apply

The _____of a given disease is the total number of new and existing disease cases in a population in a given time period

Which among the following is not example of morbidity

A toxin or other substance that produces an immune response by the body

Inanimate objects that can carry pathogens

Pathogens that are spread via animals and insects. The animal or insect passes the pathogen to people.

The leading causes of death are NOT the leading causes of disability

When a pathogen is moved from person to person through physical touch (kissing, hugging, close-up sneezing, shaking hands).

Common vectors for pathogen dispersal include food, water, and air

___ is the use of microbial agents to incapacitate or kill a military or civilian population in an act of war or terrorism.

A person who has a disease without signs and symptoms is a

_____ of a pathogen gives a relative picture of its seriousness

Infectious diseases account for about ___ of all mortality worldwide

Which among the following is not example of morbidity

Study of what is upon the people is called

Epidemiologists are interested in learning about --------

Epidemiology deals with all except

The aim of epidemiology is to---------------health problems and --------------health

Which of the following is true about epidemology

Which of the following study help in determining the health status of the individual

Epidemiology is the study of the composition of the human population that helps in evaluating effective heath services and programs

Epidemiology plays an important role in clinical research by periodic assessment of community health

The epidemiological triad consist of an external agent, a susceptible host and an environment where host and agent interact with each other to cause a disease with no role of environent in it.

Agent in the epidemiological triad can be all except

Which of the following environmental factor determine the occurrence of disease.

Physical environment factor includes all except

An organism that carries the disease is called--------

A person or organism infected with an infectious disease agent, but displays no symptoms is called

The epidemiological triad consist of an ; 1.Host, 2. Agents 3. Healthcare facilities 4. Environment , responsible for the occurence of any disease

Epidemiology study

Which of the following factors plays an key role in likelihood of infectious disease acquisition

The incubation period is the interval between

Stage of sub clinical diseases, extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms in chronic disease is called

Progression of a disease process in an individual over time in the absence of treatment is called

Epidemiology help us to evaluate the health status of the population to estimate whether time and resources should be spent on particular diseases.

Epidemiology helps in identifying disease burden in a population. It also determines the priority health programs for prevention and care.

Epidemiology helps in assessing the effectiveness of any interventions

Epidemiological studies are done

Questions asked during an epidemiological triad include all except

What kind of disease can be spread from person to person

What is the difference between communicable and non communicable disease.

A pathogen is----------------when it is spread from one person or thing to another

If one got skin cancer from sitting out and tanning in the sun for too long, would that be communicable or non-communicable

Which of the following is NOT an example of a communicable disease

Major changes in the rates of a disease within a population over time provide evidence for which of the following?

Which describes studies that are generally done on healthy people, with an outcome of a disease occurring, and has lower rates?

Which describes studies that are generally done on sick people, with an outcome of a complications/death/disability/suffering, and has higher rates?

Hazard ratios are equivalent to which of the following?

Which of the following is a possible explanation for why a condition may not come under medical care? (Note: Choose all that apply.)

If observation begins at different points in the course of disease for the various patients in a cohort, the description of their prognosis will lack precision, and the timing of recovery, recurrence, death, and other outcome events will be difficult to interpret or will be misleading.

In this study, which of the following is correct population of interest?

Consider the following abstract from the study "Protective effect of myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) on bone mass loss in postmenopausal women".

Introduction: The objective of this paper was to evaluate the relationship between urinary concentrations of InsP6, bone mass loss and risk fracture in postmenopausal women.

Materials and Methods: A total of 157 postmenopausal women were included in the study: 70 had low (≤0.76 μM), 42 intermediate (0.76-1.42 μM) and 45 high (≥1.42 μM) urinary phytate concentrations. Densitometry values for neck were measured at enrollment and after 12 months (lumbar spine and femoral neck), and 10-year risk fracture was calculated using the tool FRAX(®).

Results: Individuals with low InsP6 levels had significantly greater bone mass loss in the lumbar spine (3.08 ± 0.65 % vs. 0.43 ± 0.55 %) than did those with high phytate levels. Moreover, a significantly greater percentage of women with low than with high InsP6 levels showed more than 2 % of bone mass loss in the lumbar spine (55.6 vs. 20.7 %). The 10-year fracture probability was also significantly higher in the low-phytate group compared to the high-phytate group, both in hip (0.37 ± 0.06 % vs 0.18 ± 0.04 %) and major osteoporotic fracture (2.45 ± 0.24 % vs 1.83 ± 0.11 %).

Discussion: It can be concluded that high urinary phytate concentrations are correlated with reduced bone mass loss in lumbar spine over 12 months and with reduced 10-year probability of hip and major osteoporotic fracture, indicating that increased phytate consumption can prevent development of osteoporosis.

What type of sampling method was used in this research?

Consider the following extract from "Genetic and Environmental Factors Contributing to Parkinson's Disease: A Case-Control Study in the Cypriot Population. (Links to an external site.)"

A cohort of 235 PD patients and 464 control subjects were recruited from multiple medical and community centers across Cyprus as described previously (16). Patients were included in the study after clinical diagnosis of PD by a board certified neurologist. Diagnosis was followed by a clinical evaluation, using the UPDRS rating scale by a board certified CING neurologist. Patients that had clinical signs suggestive of Parkinsonian syndromes were excluded.

Which of the following is true about the external validity of this study?

Consider the following abstract from "Combined chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine for painful knee osteoarthritis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial versus celecoxib. (Links to an external site.)"

Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of chondroitin sulfate plus glucosamine hydrochloride (CS+GH) versus celecoxib in patients with knee osteoarthritis and severe pain.

Methods: Double-blind Multicentre Osteoarthritis interVEntion trial with SYSADOA (MOVES) conducted in France, Germany, Poland and Spain evaluating treatment with CS+GH versus celecoxib in 606 patients with Kellgren and Lawrence grades 2–3 knee osteoarthritis and moderate-to-severe pain (Western Ontario and McMaster osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) score ≥301; 0–500 scale). Patients were randomised to receive 400 mg CS plus 500 mg GH three times a day or 200 mg celecoxib every day for 6 months. The primary outcome was the mean decrease in WOMAC pain from baseline to 6 months. Secondary outcomes included WOMAC function and stiffness, visual analogue scale for pain, presence of joint swelling/effusion, rescue medication consumption, Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OMERACT-OARSI) criteria and EuroQoL-5D.

Results: The adjusted mean change (95% CI) in WOMAC pain was −185.7 (−200.3 to −171.1) (50.1% decrease) with CS+GH and −186.8 (−201.7 to −171.9) (50.2% decrease) with celecoxib, meeting the non-inferiority margin of −40: −1.11 (−22.0 to 19.8; p=0.92). All sensitivity analyses were consistent with that result. At 6 months, 79.7% of patients in the combination group and 79.2% in the celecoxib group fulfilled OMERACT-OARSI criteria. Both groups elicited a reduction >50% in the presence of joint swelling; a similar reduction was seen for effusion. No differences were observed for the other secondary outcomes. Adverse events were low and similarly distributed between groups.

Conclusions: CS+GH has comparable efficacy to celecoxib in reducing pain, stiffness, functional limitation and joint swelling/effusion after 6 months in patients with painful knee osteoarthritis, with a good safety profile.

Which type of bias occurs when comparisons are made between groups of patients that differ in ways other than the main factors under study, ones that affect the outcome of the study

Which type of bias is present when the way in which a measurement is taken leads to errors in the results on a systematic level.

Which of the following research papers could be used to demonstrate a causal relationship?

A population-based study of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy efficacy in women at elevated risk for breast cancer in community practices (Links to an external site.)

A Double-blind Placebo-controlled, Randomized Trial of XP^828L (800 mg) on the Quality of Life and Clinical Symptoms of Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Psoriasis

Which of the following studies is the type of study that is really good at providing broad information on a non-specific topic?

The relationship between mercury and autism: A comprehensive review and discussion (Links to an external site.) (Kern, 2016)

Quinine for muscle cramps (Links to an external site.) (El-Tawil, 2015)

Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip (Links to an external site.) (Reichenbach, 2007)

Which describes an error that resutls in a false positive?

Which of the following is not an advantage of a recall or record method of data collection?

Which of the following is a major source of errors in 24-hr recall data collection methods?

Which of the following is a method used in dietary records to reduce data collection errors?

Which of the following is the utility of the FFQ?

Which of the following is not a use of a dietary biomarker?

Which of the following is a limitation for recovery biomarkers? (Note: Choose all that apply)

Which of the following is the best option framework for a rapid review of the article Vitamin D status, gender and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review of prospective epidemiological studies (Links to an external site.)

Which would be used for a systematic review?

Which would be used for an RCT?

Which of the following would be the preferred method of randomization for an RCT?

Which would be used for an observational study?

Why is the question of whether a study is retrospective vs. prospective pertinent to the evaluation of cohort studies?

Which of the following should be given special attention in the evaluation of case-control studies?

Which of the following is one of the questions that should be considered specifically in the case of evaluating a cross-sectional study? 

Which of the following is a special consideration in case series studies due to the limited size and non-representative nature of the sample?

What is the function of using a gold-standard test in a study of diagnostic accuracy?

Which of the following is not one of the studies of economic evaluation discussed in the reading?

Random variation due to chance is as likely to result in measurements above the true value as it is to result in measurements below the true value.

Why should chance always be a consideration in your evaluation of the research data?

Measurements that can be verified physically are difficult to assess for validity, no matter how many times the measurement is repeated.

Why is the question of relevance so important to establishing content validity for the tool in question?

Why does the measurement of construct validity sometimes seem less pertinent to clinicians than other physically verifiable measurements?

epidemiological trait composed of

incidence means

prevalence

Primary prevention

secondary prevention

Tertiary prevention

Study proceeds backwards from effect to cause

Identified as having particular disease, health disorder or

condition Under investigation is called

Disease agent multiply in the host but does

not manifest by signs and symptoms

Person who acquires the disease from an exposure to the primary case is called

Which of the following recent widespread disease is considered pandemic?

Endemic means that a disease:

The first table shows the total number of persons who ate each of two specified food items that were possibly infective with group A streptococci. The second table shows the number of sick persons (with acute sore throat) who ate each of the various specified combinations of the food items.

What is the sore throat attack rate in persons who ate both egg salad and tuna?

The first table shows the total number of persons who ate each of two specified food items that were possibly infective with group A streptococci. The second table shows the number of sick persons (with acute sore throat) who ate each of the various specified combinations of the food items.

According to the results shown in the preceding tables, which of the following food items (or combination of food items) is most likely to be infective?

In the study of an outbreak of an infectious disease, plotting an epidemic curve is useful because:

Which of the following is characteristic of a single-exposure, common-vehicle outbreak?