Choose the best answer. There is always some friction when two ............... objects move relative to one another.

Choose the best answer. More force is needed to overcome friction than the force required to maintain a constant speed when the objects are already in .................

Choose the best answer. Generally speaking, the ................. the surfaces, the lower the friction.

Choose the best answer. Friction can be reduced by ................. and by good design.

Choose the best answer. Before being pumped to the relevant parts of the engine, oil must be passed through a ................. in order to remove dirt.

Choose the best answer. MEMS concerns tiny, three-dimensional systems ranging from 1 to 10,000 ................. in size.

Choose the best answer. MEMS are usually a mixture of electronic and mechanical ................. parts.

Choose the best answer. In terms of design, MEMS devices are made using similar techniques to those used to make silicon .................

Choose the best answer. Compared with MEMS, nanotechnology has even smaller scales, down to a ................. of a meter.

Choose the best answer. An interesting thing about nanotechnology is that by manipulating materials on an extremely small scale, their ................. can actually be changed.

Conductivity, strength and viscosity can be modified if we can work at scales of less than 100 .................

................. in cars are triggered by an accelerometer which is often a MEMS device.

Both Nintendo Wii and the Apple iPhone include tiny MEMS ................. which make them respond as they are moved or shaken.

If a system works well every time it is used, it has good .................

One problem with fuel cells is short .................: the cars are not able to travel very far.

An engine which combines an internal combustion engine with an electric motor is called a .................

The value ................. is the ratio work done: energy required to do the work.

A ................. is usually used as the direct power source for electrical systems.

A ................. braking system recycles kinetic energy from the brakes.

Researchers test the battery ................. under different operating conditions.

By making a ................., you can test and change the final production version.

Internal combustion engines often have a large ................. to overcome drag.

Broadly, ................. means using the earth’s natural resources responsibly to meet current and future needs without harming the environment.

The planet’s resources are ………………., as we have limited land, energy and water resources which must be shared amongst the earth’s population.

Oil, coal and natural gas, or methane, are the chief suspects, the unsustainable modern-day …………….. which help us do the tasks that would otherwise require manual labour.

…………… energy sources, such as wind, tidal and solar power, have a big part to play, with nuclear power as a potentially important interim solution.

The designer should consider how the disposing of the product will be able to sell it on for another use, as a valuable ………………

Another area where there is huge scope for engineering creativity is in water and …………….., which is sometimes abbreviated to ‘watsan’.

Well-constructed water supply and …………….. systems can significantly reduce life-threatening diseases.

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Choose the synonym for "application".

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Choose the synonym for "atom".

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Choose the synonym for "characteristic".

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Choose the synonym for "component".

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Choose the synonym for "detector".

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Choose the synonym for "method".

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Choose the synonym for "mixture".

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Choose the synonym for "nano".

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Choose the synonym for "repellent".

Match the words (1–10) with their synonyms (a–k). Choose the synonym for "scale".

Write the synonym using words and phrases in the box: kinetic, resistance, maximum, in contact, coefficient, applied, magnitude, static, value, ratio. Word: amount

Write the synonym using words and phrases in the box: kinetic, resistance, maximum, in contact, coefficient, applied, magnitude, static, value, ratio. Word: touching

Write the synonym using words and phrases in the box: kinetic, resistance, maximum, in contact, coefficient, applied, magnitude, static, value, ratio. Word: not moving

Write the synonym using words and phrases in the box: kinetic, resistance, maximum, in contact, coefficient, applied, magnitude, static, value, ratio. Word: moving

Write the synonym using words and phrases in the box: kinetic, resistance, maximum, in contact, coefficient, applied, magnitude, static, value, ratio. Word: size

Write the synonym using words and phrases in the box: kinetic, resistance, maximum, in contact, coefficient, applied, magnitude, static, value, ratio. Word: used

Write the synonym using words and phrases in the box: kinetic, resistance, maximum, in contact, coefficient, applied, magnitude, static, value, ratio. Word: relationship

Write the synonym using words and phrases in the box: kinetic, resistance, maximum, in contact, coefficient, applied, magnitude, static, value, ratio. Word: greatest

Write the synonym using words and phrases in the box: kinetic, resistance, maximum, in contact, coefficient, applied, magnitude, static, value, ratio. Word: movement against

Write the synonym using words and phrases in the box: kinetic, resistance, maximum, in contact, coefficient, applied, magnitude, static, value, ratio. Word: measurement

Complete the text below, using words provided in the box. Word box: kinetic, maximum, applied, value, friction, in contact, magnitude, ratio, resistance, coefficient, force, static. The coefficient of friction, μ, is a scalar (0) ______.

Complete the text below, using words provided in the box. Word box: kinetic, maximum, applied, value, friction, in contact, magnitude, ratio, resistance, coefficient, force, static. It is the (1) ______ between the normal force, N, of one object on another and the force of resistance, R.

Complete the text below, using words provided in the box. Word box: kinetic, maximum, applied, value, friction, in contact, magnitude, ratio, resistance, coefficient, force, static. This ratio differs according to the materials (2) ______.

Complete the text below, using words provided in the box. Word box: kinetic, maximum, applied, value, friction, in contact, magnitude, ratio, resistance, coefficient, force, static. A rubber tyre on a road has a high (3) ______, whereas a piston inside a cylinder has a low one.

Complete the text below, using words provided in the box. Word box: kinetic, maximum, applied, value, friction, in contact, magnitude, ratio, resistance, coefficient, force, static. There are two basic kinds of (4) ______.

Complete the text below, using words provided in the box. Word box: kinetic, maximum, applied, value, friction, in contact, magnitude, ratio, resistance, coefficient, force, static. Static friction: μs … it is equal and opposite to the (5) ______ force.

Complete the text below, using words provided in the box. Word box: kinetic, maximum, applied, value, friction, in contact, magnitude, ratio, resistance, coefficient, force, static. Static friction: μs … The magnitude of the (6) ______ friction force is given by $$Fs = \mu_s N$$ .

Complete the text below, using words provided in the box. Word box: kinetic, maximum, applied, value, friction, in contact, magnitude, ratio, resistance, coefficient, force, static. Static friction: μs … where μs is the coefficient of friction and N is the normal (7) ______.

Complete the text below, using words provided in the box. Word box: kinetic, maximum, applied, value, friction, in contact, magnitude, ratio, resistance, coefficient, force, static. Kinetic friction: μk … (8) ______ (or dynamic) friction is created by movement.

Complete the text below, using words provided in the box. Word box: kinetic, maximum, applied, value, friction, in contact, magnitude, ratio, resistance, coefficient, force, static. Kinetic friction: μk … The (9) ______ of the kinetic friction force is given by $$Fk = \mu_k N$$ .

Complete the text below, using words provided in the box. Word box: kinetic, maximum, applied, value, friction, in contact, magnitude, ratio, resistance, coefficient, force, static. The kinetic friction force is less than the (10) ______ static friction force.

Choose the best answer to complete the text: Electric cars have huge advantages: no fuel tank, oil pump or (1) ....; no valves, cams, fan belts or clutch, like in an internal combustion engine.

Choose the best answer to complete the text: All this means is that an electric car is very (2) .... under the hood; all it needs is a battery.

Choose the best answer to complete the text: However, looking at it another way, there are serious drawbacks. First of all, batteries are currently not as good a method of energy (3) .... as petrol fuel itself — they are quite heavy for the amount of energy they store.

Choose the best answer to complete the text: The idea of regenerative (4) .... goes some way to solving this.

Choose the best answer to complete the text: You are driving for a long time on a road with a lot of bends. When the brakes are applied, there is a lot of (5) .... energy going to waste as the vehicle slows down.

Choose the best answer to complete the text: The friction in the brakes generate energy in the form of (6) .... that just dissipates into the air.

Choose the best answer to complete the text: In (7) .... terms, this is a huge waste.

Choose the best answer to complete the text: To tackle this issue, in a hybrid or electric car, that energy is converted into (8) .... by the motor (running as a generator) and stored in a battery.

Choose the best answer to complete the text: In this way, every time we (9) ...., energy is stored for use later in the electric motor.

Choose the best answer to complete the text: The point is that by using the (10) .... of the car to produce the power source, efficiency increases significantly.

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: First of all, a _____ is transformed into a thin sheet of lithium through the use of an extrusion press.

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: The lithium sheet is then combined with a _____ as well as a metal oxide cathode.

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: In order to stop the lithium sticking to itself, a _____ is added during the laminating process.

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: This cell is baked in an _____ for an hour and a half.

Complete the diagram using the words in the box: water, cathode, hydrogen, electrolyte, electric power, emission. In the "How a fuel cell works" diagram, what word correctly labels position 1?

Complete the diagram using the words in the box: water, cathode, hydrogen, electrolyte, electric power, emission. In the "How a fuel cell works" diagram, what word correctly labels position 2?

Complete the diagram using the words in the box: water, cathode, hydrogen, electrolyte, electric power, emission. In the "How a fuel cell works" diagram, what word correctly labels position 3?

Complete the diagram using the words in the box: water, cathode, hydrogen, electrolyte, electric power, emission. In the "How a fuel cell works" diagram, what word correctly labels position 4 (marked with a + sign)?

Complete the diagram using the words in the box: water, cathode, hydrogen, electrolyte, electric power, emission. In the "How a fuel cell works" diagram, what word correctly labels position 5 (marked with a − sign)?

Use the word bank: recycling; materials reprocessing; extraction of raw materials; manufacture of goods; collection of used items; disposal. In the product life-cycle diagram with an excavator digging earth, what label fits the stage marked 6 near the excavation site?

Use the word bank: recycling; materials reprocessing; extraction of raw materials; manufacture of goods; collection of used items; disposal. In the same diagram, what label fits the factory stage marked 7?

Use the word bank: recycling; materials reprocessing; extraction of raw materials; manufacture of goods; collection of used items; disposal. In the same diagram, what label fits the stage marked 8 showing items being gathered from users?

Use the word bank: recycling; materials reprocessing; extraction of raw materials; manufacture of goods; collection of used items; disposal. In the same diagram, what label fits the landfill stage marked 9 with a dump truck?

Use the word bank: recycling; materials reprocessing; extraction of raw materials; manufacture of goods; collection of used items; disposal. In the same diagram, what label fits the stage marked 10 with the green bin bearing the recycling symbol?

Complete the text using the words given in the box: Concepts in engineering and sustainability — A Sustainability: The word sustainability can be difficult to define. Broadly, it means using the Earth’s natural (1) __________ responsibly, to meet current and future needs without harming the __________. Which word best completes blank (1)?

Complete the text using the words given in the box: Concepts in engineering and sustainability — A Sustainability: Broadly, it means using the Earth’s natural resources responsibly, to meet current and future needs without harming the (2) __________. Which word best completes blank (2)?

Complete the text using the words given in the box: Concepts in engineering and sustainability — A Sustainability: This is a difficult undertaking, since many of our resources are (3) __________. Which word best completes blank (3)?

Complete the text using the words given in the box: Concepts in engineering and sustainability — A Sustainability: It therefore implies enormous (4) __________ in how we use these resources and care for the environment. Which word best completes blank (4)?

Complete the text using the words given in the box: Concepts in engineering and sustainability — B Sustainable development: Sustainable development means considering environmental and social factors, as well as (5) __________ ones. Which word best completes blank (5)?

Complete the text using the words given in the box: Concepts in engineering and sustainability — B Sustainable development: Many problems of unsustainable growth relate to the (6) __________ engineers have designed and produced. Which word best completes blank (6)?

Complete the text using the words given in the box: Concepts in engineering and sustainability — B Sustainable development: Engineers therefore have a key role to play in the areas of (7) __________ use, materials, waste and water. Which word best completes blank (7)?

Complete the text using the words given in the box: Concepts in engineering and sustainability — B Sustainable development: They are now developing (8) __________ energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Which word best completes blank (8)?

Complete the text using the words given in the box: Concepts in engineering and sustainability — B Sustainable development: They are now developing renewable energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas (9) __________ which lead to climate change. Which word best completes blank (9)?

Complete the text using the words given in the box: Concepts in engineering and sustainability — B Sustainable development: They are also redesigning products to reduce waste by exploiting the potential of (10) __________ materials. Which word best completes blank (10)?

Questions 1–5: Complete the summary, using the given words (A to E) in the box below. A. characteristics B. motion C. hindrance D. operation E. occurrence Once two touching objects are in (1) __________ against each other, a force is generated that opposes the movement of the object; this force is known as friction. Choose the correct word for blank (1).

Questions 1–5: Complete the summary, using the given words (A to E) in the box below. A. characteristics B. motion C. hindrance D. operation E. occurrence Friction is a prevalent (2) __________ in all machinery and is typically viewed as a (3) __________ to a machine's efficiency. Choose the correct word for blank (2).

Questions 1–5: Complete the summary, using the given words (A to E) in the box below. A. characteristics B. motion C. hindrance D. operation E. occurrence Friction is a prevalent (2) occurrence in all machinery and is typically viewed as a (3) __________ to a machine's efficiency. Choose the correct word for blank (3).

Questions 1–5: Complete the summary, using the given words (A to E) in the box below. A. characteristics B. motion C. hindrance D. operation E. occurrence However, there are instances when friction is essential for the proper (4) __________ of a machine. Choose the correct word for blank (4).

Questions 1–5: Complete the summary, using the given words (A to E) in the box below. A. characteristics B. motion C. hindrance D. operation E. occurrence While the impact of friction on an engineering system is influenced by the specific (5) __________ of the materials in contact, certain principles remain universally applicable to all materials. Choose the correct word for blank (5).

Questions 6–10: Choose ONE word from the reading passage above to complete the information below. Principles of Friction — Friction always exists in (6) __________ motion. Choose the correct word to complete the statement.

Questions 6–10: Choose ONE word from the reading passage above to complete the information below. Principles of Friction — (7) __________ force needed to overcome inertia: To initiate movement from rest, a greater force is required to overcome friction compared to maintaining constant speed. Choose the correct word to complete the statement.

Questions 6–10: Choose ONE word from the reading passage above to complete the information below. Principles of Friction — (8) __________ surfaces reduce friction: Generally, smoother surfaces result in lower friction between objects. Choose the correct word to complete the statement.

Questions 6–10: Choose ONE word from the reading passage above to complete the information below. Principles of Friction — Friction reduction through (9) __________: Friction can be minimized by using lubricants, contributing to improved efficiency. Choose the correct word to complete the statement.

Originally instructed: answer using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage. Why does friction increase?

Originally instructed: answer using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage. What can be added to reduce friction?

Originally instructed: answer using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage. What requires lubrication in an engine?

Originally instructed: answer using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage. What causes pitting in components?

Originally instructed: answer using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage. Besides tyres, what dissipates energy in cars?

Match the correct heading to the paragraph from the reading passage. Paragraph E: Another area where engineers have an important role is in the way that materials are used. Most products are designed with a ‘cradle to grave’ life in mind, that is to say they begin as some raw material (for example, aluminium) and end up as a product (such as a drinks can), which is then discarded into a landfill site. A tremendous amount of energy and effort has gone into the manufacturing of the product, and at the end of its life it is no longer useful. This situation does not exist in the natural world, where decaying plant and animal matter becomes food for other plants, animals and organisms. Engineers should try to copy this ‘cradle to cradle’ idea, which is an approach where products are still useful at the end of their lives. A radical shift is required in how products are designed by engineers. This process is sometimes called ‘eco-design’ or ‘green design’. For example, materials should be sourced from other ‘dead products’ rather than fresh sources. The designer should consider how those disposing of the product will be able to sell it on for another use, as a valuable commodity.

Match the correct heading to the paragraph from the reading passage. Paragraph F: A final area where there is huge scope for engineering creativity is in water and sanitation, which is sometimes abbreviated to ‘watsan’. It was engineers who, in 19th century Victorian Britain, constructed the water supply and sewerage systems that enabled London to be significantly cleaner and less disease-ridden. The principles of good water supply and sanitation have been known since Roman times. Yet, many in the world still go without clean water, and there are large inequalities between water use from country to country. Innovative, cheap, appropriate solutions to give people access to clean water are in great need.

Match the correct heading to the paragraph from the reading passage. Paragraph G: In summary, the situation on our planet is currently unsustainable. Human beings are ‘living on the capital rather than the interest’. A range of urgent changes is required if the effects of catastrophic climate change, over-use of resources and widespread pollution are to be avoided. Engineering has a key role to play in many areas, including energy, materials, waste, and water and sanitation.

Do the following statement agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose one option: True if the statement agrees with the information; False if the statement contradicts the information; Not Given if there is no information on this. Sustainable growth must be based on three factors: economic, social and environmental.

Do the following statement agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose one option: True if the statement agrees with the information; False if the statement contradicts the information; Not Given if there is no information on this. People in the UK use 8.5 times more energy than people in other countries.

Do the following statement agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose one option: True if the statement agrees with the information; False if the statement contradicts the information; Not Given if there is no information on this. The burning of fossil fuels has led to an increase of $$2^\circ\text{C}$$ in global temperatures.

Do the following statement agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose one option: True if the statement agrees with the information; False if the statement contradicts the information; Not Given if there is no information on this. Nuclear power is a long-term answer to sustainable energy production.

Do the following statement agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose one option: True if the statement agrees with the information; False if the statement contradicts the information; Not Given if there is no information on this. The design concept of a man-made product often contradicts the natural recycling process.

Do the following statement agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose one option: True if the statement agrees with the information; False if the statement contradicts the information; Not Given if there is no information on this. In the past, engineers were unable to build water supply systems for use.

Do the following statement agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose one option: True if the statement agrees with the information; False if the statement contradicts the information; Not Given if there is no information on this. The Romans were the first people to know how to produce clean water.

Do the following statement agree with the information given in the reading passage above? Choose one option: True if the statement agrees with the information; False if the statement contradicts the information; Not Given if there is no information on this. Humans, in general, are upsetting the sustainability of the earth.