Georgia

Pennsylvania

New Jersey

Delaware

Maryland

The Mississippi River

The Appalachian Mountains

The Great Lakes

The Atlantic Ocean

Governed the nation during the Revolutionary War

Negotiated the Treaty of Paris at the end of the war

Passed the Land Ordinance of 1785

Passed the Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Lacked power to enforce laws

Lacked power to levy taxes

Lacked power to regulate trade among the states

Required all 13 states to approve changes in the Articles

A trail through the Appalachian Mountains into Kentucky that opened the West to settlers

A trade route from Massachusetts to New Orleans used by merchants

A federally built highway across the Northwest Territory after 1800

A canal in New York that connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes

A government in which citizens elect representatives to make laws

A monarchy led by a hereditary king

A direct democracy where all citizens vote on each law

A military dictatorship run by generals

The first national constitution creating a weak central government and strong state powers

A set of British laws that taxed the colonies before independence

The document that replaced the Constitution in 1791

An agreement that created a powerful national executive with veto over state laws

Declaring independence and organizing the war effort

Forming the Continental Army under George Washington

Negotiating foreign support, including alliance with France

Passing the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Congress lacked the power to tax, leaving the national government weak

It created a powerful national executive

It abolished all state governments

It allowed Congress to regulate interstate commerce effectively

Defended the federal arsenal and defeated Shays’s men

Joined the farmer protesters

Refused to respond to the uprising

Requested federal troops but did not act themselves

He took thorough notes of the proceedings, providing the most detailed record of the debates and was a key participant.

He served as president of the Constitutional Convention and presided over all sessions.

He wrote the Declaration of Independence during the convention.

He led troops in battle outside Philadelphia while the convention met.

Virginia Plan

New Jersey Plan

Great Compromise

Articles of Confederation

More of the large states’ demands

More of the small states’ demands

About an equal balance of both sides’ demands

Mostly neither side’s demands

A meeting in 1787 where delegates wrote a new U.S. Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation

A gathering to declare independence from Britain in 1776

A court session that reviewed early Supreme Court cases

A convention to amend only the Articles of Confederation without changing the national structure

A delegate known as the 'Father of the Constitution' for his key role in planning and drafting

The first president to serve under the Articles of Confederation

A foreign diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Paris

A delegate who opposed all compromises at the convention

A proposal for a legislature with representation based on state population

A plan calling for equal representation of all states regardless of size

A proposal to keep the Articles of Confederation unchanged

A plan to give Congress power only to tax exports

An agreement creating a bicameral Congress with a House based on population and a Senate with equal representation

A compromise that ended disputes over presidential elections by popular vote

An agreement that kept the Articles of Confederation intact

A compromise that required states to pay federal export taxes

An agreement to count a portion of enslaved people for representation and taxation

A decision to grant immediate citizenship to all enslaved people

A law banning slavery throughout all states in 1787

An agreement to count enslaved people fully for representation

The year delegates met in Philadelphia and drafted the U.S. Constitution

The year the states completed ratification of the Constitution

The year Congress banned the slave trade

The year the Articles of Confederation were first adopted

Federalists

Antifederalists

Both groups

Neither group

Federalists

Antifederalists

Both groups

Neither group

It divides power between the national government and the states to prevent tyranny.

It gives all power to the national government so laws are uniform.

It ensures only the states can make laws and the national government simply enforces them.

It allows citizens to vote directly on every national law.

Supporters of the Constitution who argued for a strong national government.

Opponents of the Constitution who demanded stronger state governments.

Leaders who tried to stop the Bill of Rights from being added.

Activists who campaigned for independence from the Union.

Supporters of the Constitution and centralized power.

Opponents of the Constitution who feared strong national government and wanted a bill of rights.

Writers of The Federalist Papers promoting ratification.

Officials who enforced federal laws in the states.

It created the office of the president.

It established the system of federal courts.

It is the first ten amendments guaranteeing individual rights and limiting government power.

It replaced the Articles of Confederation with the Constitution.

It guaranteed individual freedoms and limited the power of the national government as the first ten amendments.

It abolished state governments and centralized all power.

It created new states from existing territories.

It replaced the Constitution with a new document.

It created a Congress with a House based on population and a Senate with equal representation for states

It gave all legislative power to the House of Representatives

It required the president to be chosen by direct popular vote

It ended slavery in all states

The first ten amendments that protect individual liberties and limit government power

A list of powers granted to Congress over the states

A set of war-time regulations for the army

A tax code adopted during the Confederation Era

Organizing western lands through ordinances for settlement and statehood

Creating a powerful executive branch to enforce laws

Establishing a national currency backed by gold

Ending all trade disputes between states with federal courts

Conducting diplomacy, declaring war, and managing western territories, but limited power to tax

Levying direct taxes and regulating all interstate commerce

Appointing state governors and controlling local elections

Commanding a standing army funded by mandatory state payments

Women, enslaved people, Native Americans, and most non-property-holding poor citizens

Delegates from large states

Foreign diplomats

Members of the army

Representation was divided between a population-based House and an equal-representation Senate

All enslaved people were granted immediate freedom

The president would serve for life

Small states would control all tax laws

A system that divides power between national and state governments

Rule by a king with absolute authority

A government where all power rests solely with local towns

Military control over civilian government

To protect individual liberties against potential government abuse

To expand the taxation powers of Congress

To guarantee lifetime terms for federal judges

To raise money for war debts

Both establish government by the people; the Articles emphasize state sovereignty, while the Constitution creates a stronger federal system with representation and checks and balances

The Articles abolish legislatures, while the Constitution eliminates elections

Both concentrate power in a single ruler to ensure efficiency

The Articles guarantee judicial review, while the Constitution forbids it

Yes; compromises enabled agreement among states and made ratification possible

No; compromises prevented any chance of ratification

Yes; compromises immediately abolished slavery nationwide

No; compromises forced small states to leave the union

Delaware and New Jersey

Delaware and New York

New Jersey and Pennsylvania

New York and Pennsylvania

Most of New York supported the Federalists.

Most of Pennsylvania supported the Antifederalists.

Philadelphia supported the Federalists.

New Jersey supported both positions equally.

Voting by citizens to make their voices heard

Appointment of leaders by military command

Selection of officials by foreign diplomats

Rule by a single monarch

Powers only the national government holds

Powers only state governments hold

Powers shared by national and state governments

Powers held by local governments alone

It divides the federal government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches with distinct powers and duties

It grants all governing authority to Congress, which appoints officials to carry out its laws

It allows the president to make laws, enforce them, and decide court cases when necessary

It gives states complete control over national policies while the federal government handles only foreign affairs

To prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful and to protect individual liberty

To ensure the executive branch can override Congress whenever efficiency requires it

To allow courts to set national policy without interference from elected officials

To let state governments veto all federal actions to preserve local control

They emphasize liberty, equality before the law, and civic duty through freedoms like speech and assembly and obligations like voting and jury service

They require citizens to obey a monarch and limit public participation to appointed councils

They focus mainly on economic productivity, with no expectation of civic participation or protection of personal freedoms

They prioritize regional traditions over national principles, discouraging involvement in federal institutions

Members of Congress who directly choose the president

Officials who certify state election results

People chosen by states to cast official Electoral College votes for president and vice president

Supreme Court justices who review election challenges

A process for selecting federal judges

A constitutional process to accuse and try government officials, potentially leading to removal from office

A requirement for passing federal laws

A method for resolving disputes between states

The process of registering to vote

The procedure by which a noncitizen becomes a U.S. citizen

A system for choosing representatives

The certification of election results

Minor offenses punishable by small fines

Serious crimes typically punishable by more than one year in prison

Civil disputes resolved in small claims court

Infractions that carry no jail time

A budget bill funding the military

A legislative act that punishes a person without a judicial trial, which the Constitution prohibits

A bill that creates new federal courts

A law setting voting qualifications

A law that applies only to federal officials

A law that criminalizes actions retroactively or increases punishment after the fact, which the Constitution prohibits

A law that lowers penalties for future crimes

A law that sets deadlines for ratifying amendments

The right to hold office

The right to a jury trial

The right to vote in political elections

The right to free legal counsel

Government may act without court oversight

Fair legal procedures government must follow before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property

Exclusive powers of the executive branch

Rules for holding primaries

Voluntary community service

Forced labor or slavery, which is prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment

Mandatory jury duty

Military enlistment

A final election to choose officeholders

An internal party election used to select candidates for the general election

A vote of the Electoral College

A referendum on constitutional amendments

Power is divided among three branches of government

Government powers are limited by law

Authority of government comes from the people, who are the ultimate source of power

Each branch can limit the others

Citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf

All laws must be approved by the courts

States hold all governmental power

The president directly proposes legislation to Congress

Power is separated into legislative, executive, and judicial branches

Power is divided between national government and state governments

Citizens vote directly on all national laws

Only the national government may pass laws

The people authorize government through elections

Government power is divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches

States share power with local governments

Courts can strike down laws

The national government supervises state governments

Each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches

Citizens may vote to repeal laws directly

Only Congress can check the president

Government has unlimited authority unless states object

Government powers are restricted by the Constitution and the rule of law

Only the courts can limit government

Congress may expand powers by simple majority

Powers reserved to the states

Protections for people’s liberties, such as those listed in the Bill of Rights

Authority of elected officials to act for citizens

Privileges of federal officeholders

House: at least $$30$$ years old, $$9$$ years a citizen; Senate: at least $$25$$ years old, $$7$$ years a citizen

House: at least $$25$$ years old, $$7$$ years a citizen; Senate: at least $$30$$ years old, $$9$$ years a citizen

House: at least $$21$$ years old, $$5$$ years a citizen; Senate: at least $$25$$ years old, $$7$$ years a citizen

House: at least $$18$$ years old, no citizenship requirement; Senate: at least $$21$$ years old, $$5$$ years a citizen

Appoint generals and command troops

Declare war and raise and support armies and a navy

Negotiate treaties and deploy troops

Set military training standards and promote officers

Members of Congress vote and select the president by majority

State governors cast votes based on population

Electors chosen by each state cast electoral votes; the candidate with a majority of electoral votes wins

The Supreme Court certifies the national popular vote winner

Declare war, levy taxes, ratify constitutional amendments

Veto legislation, serve as commander in chief of the military, negotiate treaties (with Senate approval)

Impose tariffs, appoint state governors, write court opinions

Control state elections, pass laws unilaterally, decide court cases

Draft federal laws and appoint judges

Interpret the Constitution and federal laws and determine their constitutionality

Ratify treaties and enforce executive orders

Set state tax rates and regulate elections

By executive order signed by the president

Through the amendment process: proposal by $$2/3$$ of Congress or a national convention, and ratification by $$3/4$$ of the states

By a national referendum approved by a majority of voters

By a unanimous vote of the Supreme Court

State law, because states are closer to the people

Federal law, because the Supremacy Clause makes the Constitution and federal laws the supreme law of the land

Neither, because both laws are invalid

Whichever law is newer, because it overrides the older one

By votes in state legislatures requiring a unanimous decision

By special state ratifying conventions, becoming effective when $$9$$ of $$13$$ states approved

By a national popular vote held in all thirteen states

By approval of the Continental Congress alone

Speech, press, privacy, travel, property

Religion, speech, press, assembly, petition

Religion, due process, counsel, jury, habeas corpus

Voting, speech, press, assembly, property

Amendments $$1$$ , $$2$$ , $$3$$ , and $$4$$

Amendments $$12$$ , $$20$$ , and $$22$$

Amendments $$15$$ , $$19$$ , $$24$$ , and $$26$$

Amendments $$5$$ , $$6$$ , $$7$$ , and $$8$$

Strong decision-making and communication skills

Knowledge of the law and willingness to work with Congress

Focus on a single issue while ignoring other responsibilities

Ability to manage diverse duties and act impartially

One branch commands the others and makes all decisions

The branches share identical duties with no distinctions

Three separate branches each have distinct roles and must work together without any one controlling the others

The people have no role in guiding the branches

The Supreme Court alone controls the direction of government

The president personally drives the government without public input

State legislatures are the sole drivers of national policy

The people ultimately guide and control the government by directing how the branches work together

A legal member of a nation who pledges loyalty and has rights, protections, and responsibilities

A visitor without legal status or responsibilities

A person who lives temporarily in a place and has no duties to any nation

A resident who only enjoys freedoms and has no responsibilities

Dual citizenship in the United States and their parents’ country

Only United States citizenship

Only their parents’ country’s citizenship

No citizenship until age 18

Be at least 18 years old

Enter the United States legally

Live in the United States for at least five years immediately prior to application

Read, write, and speak English

Show knowledge of American history and government