WorksheetsPage 1
Total questions: 50
Worksheet time: 25mins
Identify the name given to a networked computer system in which processes and resources are sufficiently spread across multiple computers.
Distributed System
De-Centralized System
Centralized System
Peer-to-Peer System
Give the name of the phenomenon by which a distributed system attempts to hide the fact that its processes and resources are physically distributed across multiple computers, possibly separated by large distances.
Transparency
Bandwidth
Replication
Consistency
Identify the type of computing architecture where multiple independent computers work together as a single cohesive system to perform tasks.
Cluster computing
Distributed computing
Grid computing
Parallel computing
Select the type of service-oriented architecture used by Amazon’s Simple Storage.
Resource-based Architectures
Microservices Architectural style
Object based Architectural style
Coarse-grained service composition
Select the name given to the client-side stub.
Proxy
Hub
Skeleton
Binder
Identify the type of coordination that occurs when processes are both temporarily and referentially coupled.
Direct Coordination
Mailbox Coordination
Event Based Coordination
Shared Database Coordination
Choose the transparency that ensures the consistency of a database system when multiple users access the same data simultaneously.
Concurrency Transparency
Replication Transparency
Access Transparency
Location Transparency
Given: Mean Time To Failure (MTTF) 60 hours; Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) 15 hours. Choose the correct computed value in hours.
75 Hours
45 Hours
60 Hours
90 Hours
Identify the primary function of middleware in distributed systems.
Facilitates communication between distributed applications
Manages system resources
Provides a user interface
Monitors system hardware
State the appropriate type of middleware required by a distributed system that uses asynchronous communication between services to avoid blocking processes.
Message-Oriented Middleware
Remote Procedure Call
Object Request Broker
Database Middleware
Identify the layer responsible for managing data storage and retrieval.
Data Layer
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Business Logic Layer
Identify the type of architecture used in transaction processing.
Physically three-tiered architecture
Physically two-tiered architecture
Client-server architecture
File system architecture
Identify the role of server in a client-server architecture.
To process requests and respond to clients
To send requests to the server for services
To store and manage data persistently
To act as an intermediary between two servers
Select the option that best explains the main advantage of using a random walk search strategy in a distributed system.
It reduces network traffic compared to flooding-based search methods.
It guarantees that the requested data will be found in a fixed number of hops.
It always selects the shortest path to the data item.
It requires global knowledge of the network topology to operate.
Identify the primary purpose of multithreading in a client within a distributed system.
To allow the client to perform multiple tasks concurrently
To reduce the number of servers required
To eliminate the need for a server
To ensure the client operates on a single core
A multithreaded server is designed to handle file requests from clients. Select the approach that ensures efficient handling of multiple client requests.
Use a thread pool to manage multiple client connections
Spawn a new thread for each request without limits
Use a single worker thread for all incoming requests
Process requests sequentially in the main server thread
Identify the mechanism used in container-based virtualization to impose limits on CPU and memory usage of a group of processes.
Control groups (cgroups)
Namespaces
Union file system
Virtual machine monitor
Select the interface that represents the set of machine instructions offered between hardware and software in a computer system.
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
Application Programming Interface (API)
System call interface
Middleware interface
Identify the factor that makes containers more lightweight than virtual machines in distributed systems.
Containers share the host operating system kernel while isolating application environments
Containers emulate the complete hardware instruction set for each application
Containers run separate guest operating systems for each application
Containers require dedicated physical hardware for isolation
A healthcare application is being developed that requires a hybrid architecture. Given the critical nature of healthcare data and the need for a robust and reliable system, determine the key design considerations that must be addressed when creating a hybrid architecture for this application.
Ensuring real-time data processing is handled by local edge devices while sensitive data is securely stored in a central database
Building a system entirely reliant on cloud-based services
Using only peer-to-peer communication for device synchronization
Avoiding the use of distributed components to simplify the design
Identify the primary advantage of multithreading in distributed systems.
Efficient use of CPU resources through parallel execution
Faster hardware requirements
Simpler code management
Elimination of communication overhead
Select the method by which threads can be utilized to achieve scalability and performance in a distributed system designed to process millions of real-time user requests.
Use a thread pool to manage a fixed number of threads and distribute the requests among them
Create a single thread to handle all requests sequentially
Spawn a new thread for every incoming request without limitations
Avoid using threads and rely solely on processes for concurrency
Choose the most appropriate communication mechanism for an application where a client must invoke a remote operation, continue executing without waiting for the result, and later receive the result through a callback.
Deferred Synchronous RPC
One-way RPC
Synchronous RPC
Choose the correct action performed by the client stub when a client application invokes a remote procedure with complex data structures.
Stores the parameters in shared memory accessible by the server
Converts parameters into a machine-independent format before sending
Directly executes the procedure on the local machine
Bypasses the operating system and sends raw bytes over the network
Define the communication mechanism that allows a program to invoke a procedure located on a remote machine as if it were a local procedure call.
Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
Message-oriented middleware
Connectionless communication
Distributed shared memory
Select the OSI layer that is primarily responsible for routing messages through a computer network.
Network layer
Transport layer
Data link layer
Session layer
Identify the purpose of a message broker in message-oriented middleware.
Handles application heterogeneity and transforms message formats
Stores all messages permanently in a buffer
Executes requests directly from clients
Enforces real-time communication
Identify a characteristic of publish-subscribe communication.
Subscribers receive messages based on topics
Publishers initiate point-to-point communication
Messages are stored in persistent queues
Clients directly query servers for messages
Select the purpose of a death certificate in gossip protocols.
Registering a deleted value as an update
Authenticating nodes in the network
Optimizing message delivery times
Encrypting sensitive updates
Identify the purpose of Lamport's logical clocks.
Maintaining a consistent event ordering
Synchronizing physical clocks across machines
Optimizing data transmission latency
Choose the role of a message broker in handling heterogeneous applications in middleware.
It transforms incoming messages to target formats.
It routes messages directly to clients.
It ensures all messages are stored persistently.
It eliminates the need for local queues.
Choose the difference between flooding and rumor spreading in terms of message propagation efficiency.
Flooding ensures all nodes are updated; rumor spreading may not.
Rumor spreading is faster than flooding.
Flooding reduces message redundancy compared to rumor spreading.
Rumor spreading relies on brokers for delivery.
Determine the action that process P in a distributed system will take upon receiving an ENTER message from process Q to guarantee appropriate handling of the critical region.
P acknowledges Q's request to enter the critical region, even if PPP also wants to enter.
P immediately enters its critical region and ignores Q's request.
P denies Q's request if P wants to enter the critical region.
P multicasts a RELEASE message to all processes.
Choose the action taken by a coordinator in a distributed system to manage mutual exclusion when multiple processes request access to a shared resource.
The coordinator grants permission to the first requesting process and delays replies to others until the resource is released.
The coordinator grants permission to all requesting processes simultaneously.
The coordinator randomly selects a process to access the resource and denies others.
The coordinator denies all requests if multiple processes request access at the same time.
Choose the method used to access a shared resource that is managed in a distributed system using a logical ring for mutual exclusion and the problem associated with it.
The token circulates in a predefined order, ensuring mutual exclusion, but challenges such as token loss or process failure require recovery mechanisms.
The token is passed randomly between processes, allowing concurrent access to the shared resource.
Each process independently decides when to access the resource, without relying on a token.
The token is passed only when a process explicitly requests access, minimizing circulation time.
Identify the role of the “initiator” process in a leader election algorithm.
The process initiating the leader election process
The process responsible for deadlock detection
The process with the highest fault tolerance
The process with the most hardware diversity
Select the primary advantage of the Token-Ring Algorithm?
Simplicity and ease of implementation
Inefficient load balancing
Minimizing fault tolerance
Detecting and recovering from deadlocks
Select the item taken by the process before entering the critical section in Lamport’s Bakery algorithm.
A ticket number
A shared lock
Identify the situation referred by the term “busy waiting” in the context of mutual exclusion.
A process repeatedly checking a condition in a loop
A process waiting for a turn variable
Achieving load balancing
Ignoring fault tolerance
Choose the behavior of the bully algorithm when a process P detects that the current coordinator is unresponsive and identify the steps taken by P to initiate an election.
P sends an ELECTION message to all processes with higher identifiers, waits for responses, and either becomes the coordinator or stops if a higher process takes over.
P immediately declares itself the new coordinator and informs all other processes.
P sends an ELECTION message to all processes with lower identifiers and waits for their confirmation.
P randomly selects another process as the new coordinator without holding an election.
Choose the primary function of a load balancer in a distributed system.
To distribute incoming network traffic across multiple servers.
To store data persistently across different nodes.
To encrypt data during transmission.
To monitor the health of individual servers.
Select the type of middleware that facilitates communication between different applications in a distributed environment.
Message-oriented middleware
Database middleware
Object request brokers
Remote procedure call middleware
Identify the primary challenge associated with achieving consistency in distributed databases.
Network latency and partitioning
Data redundancy
Single point of failure
Limited storage capacity
What is the primary benefit of using a service-oriented architecture (SOA) in distributed systems?
Increased flexibility and reusability of services
Reduced network latency due to local processing
Elimination of all communication overhead
Mandatory use of a single programming language
Identify the primary role of a distributed hash table (DHT) in peer-to-peer networks.
To ensure data is stored in a central location for easy access
To manage user authentication across the network
To provide a decentralized method for storing and retrieving data
To encrypt data during transmission between peers
Choose the primary challenge faced when implementing fault tolerance in distributed systems.
Ensuring data consistency across multiple nodes
Minimizing the number of active processes
Reducing the complexity of the network topology
Limiting the number of communication protocols used
What is the primary function of a load balancer in a distributed system?
To distribute incoming network traffic across multiple servers
To monitor server health and performance
To store data in a centralized database
To encrypt data during transmission
Identify the protocol commonly used for secure communication in distributed systems.
FTP
SMTP
HTTP
HTTPS
Select the primary advantage of using microservices architecture in distributed systems.
Reduced complexity by using a monolithic approach
Improved scalability and independent deployment of services
Mandatory use of a single database for all services
Elimination of all network latency
Determine the response of process R in a distributed system when it receives a REQUEST message from process S while it is already in its critical section.
R denies S's request and continues its operation.
R acknowledges S's request and queues it for later processing.
R sends a REJECT message to S without any further action.
R immediately exits its critical section to allow S to enter.
