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Large Intestine – Cover Page (No Extractable Questions)

Total questions: 188

Worksheet time: 2hrs 44mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Almost all nutrient absorption takes place in the

a)

Stomach

b)

Small intestine

c)

Large intestine

d)

Rectum

e)

Anus

2.

The large intestine is mostly concerned with

a)

Protein digestion

b)

Fat emulsification

c)

Reabsorption of water and ions

d)

Enzyme secretion

e)

Bile production

3.

Bacteria in the large intestine may produce significant amounts of

a)

Vitamins A and D

b)

Vitamins K and B12

c)

Vitamin C only

d)

Vitamin E only

e)

Vitamin B1 only

4.

The ileocaecal valve regulates

a)

Bile release into duodenum

b)

Admission of chyme into the large intestine

c)

Gastric emptying into duodenum

d)

Pancreatic enzyme secretion

e)

Water absorption in rectum

5.

The ileocaecal valve also prevents

a)

Entry of bile into colon

b)

Reflux of contents back into the ileum

c)

Stool storage in rectum

d)

Formation of haustra

e)

Vitamin production by bacteria

6.

Correct sequence through the large intestine (as shown) is

a)

Caecum -> ileocaecal valve -> anus -> rectum

b)

Ileoceacal valve -> caecum -> ascending -> transverse -> descending -> sigmoid -> rectum -> anus

c)

Ileum -> descending -> transverse -> ascending -> caecum

d)

Rectum -> sigmoid -> descending -> transverse -> ascending -> caecum

e)

Anus -> rectum -> sigmoid -> caecum

7.

The caecum is described as

a)

Large in humans, small in mammals

b)

Small in humans, large in some mammals

c)

Always large in humans

d)

Absent in humans

e)

Only present in infants

8.

The caecum terminates in the

a)

Appendix (vermiform)

b)

Sigmoid colon

c)

Rectum

d)

Anal canal

e)

Transverse colon

9.

The vermiform appendix is about

a)

2 cm long

b)

4 cm long

c)

6 cm long

d)

10 cm long

e)

20 cm long

10.

The vermiform appendix contains much

a)

Cartilage

b)

Lymphoid tissue

c)

Bone marrow

d)

Fat tissue only

e)

Smooth muscle only

11.

Appendicitis is caused by

a)

Inflamed colon

b)

Inflamed appendix

c)

Inflamed rectum

d)

Inflamed ileocaecal valve

e)

Inflamed anal canal

12.

Appendicitis pain is initially perceived as

a)

Left iliac fossa pain

b)

Central abdominal pain

c)

Right shoulder pain

d)

Lower back pain

e)

Perineal pain

13.

Appendicitis pain typically shifts to the

a)

Left hypochondrium

b)

Right iliac fossa

c)

Epigastrium

d)

Umbilicus only

e)

Suprapubic region

14.

The usual precipitating cause of acute appendicitis is said to be

a)

Excess water intake

b)

Obstruction of the lumen

c)

Vitamin deficiency

d)

Hypersecretion of mucus

e)

Excess bile salts

15.

The colon is about

a)

0.5 m long

b)

1.0 m long

c)

1.5 m long

d)

2.5 m long

e)

4.0 m long

16.

The colon is divided into

a)

Two sections

b)

Three sections

c)

Four sections

d)

Five sections

e)

Six sections

17.

Constricts that form pockets/bulges in the colon walls are called

a)

Villi

b)

Haustra

c)

Lacteals

d)

Rugae

e)

Sphincters

18.

Internally, the colon

a)

Has abundant villi

b)

Lacks villi

c)

Has villi only in sigmoid colon

d)

Has villi only in rectum

e)

Has villi only in caecum

19.

The colon mucosa has

a)

No glands

b)

Closely packed tubular glands

c)

Only gastric pits

d)

Only bile ducts

e)

Only Brunner's glands

20.

The colon mucosa contains lots of

a)

Parietal cells

b)

Chief cells

c)

Goblet cells

d)

Hepatocytes

e)

Pancreatic acinar cells

21.

The muscularis externa of the colon has a thick

a)

Longitudinal muscle layer

b)

Circular muscle layer

c)

Skeletal muscle layer

d)

Cardiac muscle layer

e)

No muscle layer

22.

The longitudinal muscle of the colon is arranged into

a)

One band

b)

Two bands

c)

Three bands

d)

Four bands

e)

Six bands

23.

The three longitudinal muscle bands are called

a)

Haustra

b)

Taeniae coli

c)

Villi

d)

Plicae circulares

e)

Lacteals

24.

The colon terminates at the

a)

Stomach

b)

Duodenum

c)

Rectum

d)

Ileum

e)

Caecum

25.

Compared with colon mucosa, rectum mucosa has

a)

Fewer goblet cells

b)

More numerous goblet cells

c)

No goblet cells

d)

Only parietal cells

e)

Only chief cells

26.

The rectum has a thicker

a)

Serosa only

b)

Submucosa only

c)

Muscularis externa

d)

Mucosa only

e)

Epithelium only

27.

In the rectum, the longitudinal muscle layer is

a)

Absent

b)

In two bands

c)

Complete

d)

Only circular

e)

Only skeletal

28.

The rectum is about

a)

4 cm long

b)

8 cm long

c)

10 cm long

d)

12 cm long

e)

20 cm long

29.

The rectum curves

a)

Upward and backward

b)

Downward and forward

c)

Upward and forward

d)

Downward and left

e)

Straight down only

30.

The rectum and anal canal suddenly turn

a)

45 degrees forward

b)

60 degrees left

c)

90 degrees backwards and down

d)

120 degrees forward

e)

180 degrees upward

31.

After the 90 degrees turn, it becomes the:

a)

Ileocaecal junction

b)

Recto-anal junction

c)

Gastro-oesophageal junction

d)

Hepato-pancreatic junction

e)

Pyloric junction

32.

The anal canal is short, about:

a)

2 cm

b)

3 cm

c)

4 cm

d)

8 cm

e)

12 cm

33.

The anal canal marks the junction between:

a)

Mesoderm and endoderm

b)

Endoderm and ectoderm

c)

Ectoderm and epidermis

d)

Endoderm and myocardium

e)

Ectoderm and bone

34.

The internal anal sphincter is:

a)

Skeletal (striated) muscle

b)

Smooth muscle

c)

Cardiac muscle

d)

No muscle

e)

Bone

35.

The external anal sphincter is:

a)

Smooth muscle

b)

Skeletal (striated) muscle

c)

Cardiac muscle

d)

No muscle

e)

Cartilage

36.

Of the chyme entering the caecum per day, the volume is approximately:

a)

50-100 mL/day

b)

100-200 mL/day

c)

200-400 mL/day

d)

500-1000 mL/day

e)

1500-2000 mL/day

37.

The volume lost in faeces per day is approximately:

a)

10-50 mL

b)

100-200 mL

c)

300-500 mL

d)

500-1000 mL

e)

1500 mL

38.

Most reabsorption in the large intestine occurs in the:

a)

Distal half of colon

b)

Rectum only

c)

Absorbing colon (first/proximal half)

d)

Anal canal only

e)

Caecum only

39.

Approximately what percentage of faeces is water?

a)

25%

b)

50%

c)

60%

d)

75%

e)

90%

40.

Approximately what percentage of faeces is solids?

a)

10%

b)

25%

c)

40%

d)

50%

e)

75%

41.

Of the solids in faeces (approx. 25%), about 1/3 is:

a)

Vitamins only

b)

Bacteria

c)

Enzymes

d)

Bile salts

e)

Water

42.

Of the solids in faeces, about 1/3 is:

a)

Undigested cellulose

b)

Digested glucose

c)

Hemoglobin

d)

Hydrochloric acid

e)

Bile pigments only

43.

Of the solids in faeces, about 1/3 is mostly:

a)

Protein

b)

Minerals

c)

Fat

d)

Vitamins

e)

Water

44.

Faeces are propelled along the colon mainly by:

a)

Fast peristaltic contractions

b)

Slow peristaltic contractions

c)

Ciliary movement

d)

Gravity only

e)

Skeletal muscle pumping

45.

The rectum is usually:

a)

Full of faeces

b)

Empty

c)

Filled with chyme

d)

Filled with bile

e)

Filled with gastric secretions

46.

As faecal matter accumulates, it moves into and distends the:

a)

Ileum

b)

Caecum

c)

Rectum

d)

Stomach

e)

Pancreas

47.

Distension of the rectum stimulates:

a)

Chemoreceptors only

b)

Stretch receptors

c)

Photoreceptors

d)

Thermoreceptors

e)

Pain receptors only

48.

Stretch receptor stimulation may trigger the defaecation reflex in the:

a)

Brainstem

b)

Spinal cord

c)

Cerebellum

d)

Cerebral cortex only

e)

Peripheral ganglia only

49.

Defaecation is controlled by parasympathetic nerves mainly for the:

a)

External sphincter

b)

Internal sphincter

c)

Taeniae coli only

d)

Haustra only

e)

Ileoceacal valve only

50.

Defaecation is controlled by somatic motor nerves mainly for the:

a)

External sphincter

b)

Internal sphincter

c)

Colon mucosa

d)

Goblet cells

e)

Caecum

51.

Defaecation does not normally occur until:

a)

The ileocaecal valve closes

b)

The external anal sphincter relaxes

c)

The internal sphincter contracts

d)

Haustra disappear

e)

Taeniae coli stop contracting

52.

The external anal sphincter is under:

a)

No control

b)

Conscious control

c)

Only hormonal control

d)

Only autonomic control

e)

Only fetal control

53.

Total daily fluid secretions added to the GIT are approximately:

a)

1.5 L

b)

3.0 L

c)

5.0 L

d)

7.2 L

e)

10.0 L

54.

Approximate daily ingested food/fluid added is:

a)

0.5 L

b)

1.0 L

c)

1.5 L

d)

2.5 L

e)

4.0 L

55.

Total fluid (secretions + ingested) is approximately:

a)

5,000 mL

b)

7,210 mL

c)

8,710 mL

d)

9,500 mL

e)

12,000 mL

56.

Daily saliva secretion is approximately:

a)

60 mL

b)

700 mL

c)

1,200 mL

d)

2,000 mL

e)

2,050 mL

57.

Daily gastric secretion is approximately:

a)

700 mL

b)

1,200 mL

c)

2,000 mL

d)

2,050 mL

e)

8,000 mL

58.

Daily pancreatic secretion is approximately:

a)

60 mL

b)

700 mL

c)

1,200 mL

d)

2,000 mL

e)

2,050 mL

59.

Daily bile secretion (listed) is approximately:

a)

60 mL

b)

700 mL

c)

1,200 mL

d)

2,000 mL

e)

2,050 mL

60.

Daily succus entericus secretion is approximately:

a)

60 mL

b)

700 mL

c)

1,200 mL

d)

2,000 mL

e)

2,050 mL

61.

Daily colon secretion is approximately:

a)

60 mL

b)

600 mL

c)

700 mL

d)

1,200 mL

e)

2,000 mL

62.

Total secretions (all listed) per day equal:

a)

5,000 mL

b)

6,000 mL

c)

7,210 mL

d)

8,710 mL

e)

10,000 mL

63.

Amount reabsorbed by the small intestine per day is approximately:

a)

500 mL

b)

2,000 mL

c)

7,210 mL

d)

8,000 mL

e)

8,710 mL

64.

Amount reabsorbed by the large intestine per day is approximately:

a)

60 mL

b)

210 mL

c)

500 mL

d)

1,200 mL

e)

2,050 mL

65.

Faeces volume (approx.) per day is:

a)

60 mL

b)

100 mL

c)

210 mL

d)

500 mL

e)

1,500 mL

66.

The large intestine is mostly concerned with reabsorbing water and ions secreted at:

a)

Later stages only

b)

Earlier stages in digestion

c)

Only in colon

d)

Only in rectum

e)

Only in stomach

67.

Which structure directly regulates admission of chyme into the large intestine?

a)

Pyloric sphincter

b)

Ileocecal valve

c)

Internal anal sphincter

d)

External anal sphincter

e)

Taeniae coli

68.

Which is NOT listed as a primary concern of the large intestine on the slide?

a)

Reabsorption of water

b)

Reabsorption of ions

c)

Vitamin production by bacteria

d)

Most nutrient absorption

e)

Admission regulation of chyme

69.

Colon wall pockets/bulges formed by constriction are:

a)

Taeniae coli

b)

Haustra

c)

Goblet cells

d)

Tubular glands

e)

Villi

70.

The colon mucosa is characterized by closely packed:

a)

Alveoli

b)

Tubular glands

c)

Renal tubules

d)

Bile ducts

e)

Pancreatic acini

71.

The colon mucosa has lots of:

a)

Neurons

b)

Goblet cells

c)

Hepatocytes

d)

Osteocytes

e)

Adipocytes

72.

The muscularis externa thick layer in colon is:

a)

Circular muscle

b)

Longitudinal muscle only

c)

Skeletal muscle only

d)

No muscle

e)

Cardiac muscle

73.

The longitudinal muscle arrangement of the colon is best described as:

a)

Continuous uniform sheet

b)

Three bands

c)

Two rings

d)

No longitudinal muscle

e)

Only circular bundles

74.

Taeniae coli refers to:

a)

Circular muscle thickening

b)

Three longitudinal muscle bands

c)

Rectal curvature

d)

Anal canal junction

e)

Ileoceacal valve reflex

75.

The rectum differs from colon by having:

a)

No goblet cells

b)

More goblet cells in mucosa

c)

Villi internally

d)

No muscularis externa

e)

Only two taeniae

76.

The rectum differs from colon by having:

a)

Thinner muscularis externa

b)

Thicker muscularis externa

c)

No longitudinal muscle

d)

No circular muscle

e)

No mucosa

77.

The rectum differs from colon by having a longitudinal muscle layer that is:

a)

Absent

b)

Discontinuous bands only

c)

Complete

d)

Skeletal only

e)

Cartilaginous

78.

The rectum length is approximately:

a)

4 cm

b)

10 cm

c)

12 cm

d)

20 cm

e)

30 cm

79.

The anal canal length is approximately:

a)

2 cm

b)

4 cm

c)

8 cm

d)

12 cm

e)

15 cm

80.

The anal canal marks a junction between:

a)

Liver and pancreas

b)

Endoderm and ectoderm

c)

Small intestine and large intestine

d)

Colon and caecum

e)

Rectum and ileum

81.

The internal anal sphincter is composed of:

a)

Skeletal muscle

b)

Smooth muscle

c)

Cardiac muscle

d)

Bone

e)

Tendon

82.

The external anal sphincter is composed of:

a)

Smooth muscle

b)

Striated (skeletal) muscle

c)

Cardiac muscle

d)

Bone

e)

Cartilage

83.

Which nerve type controls the internal sphincter (as stated)?

a)

Somatic motor nerves

b)

Parasympathetic nerves

c)

Sympathetic nerves only

d)

Sensory nerves only

e)

No nerves

84.

Which nerve type controls the external sphincter (as stated)?

a)

Parasympathetic nerves

b)

Somatic motor nerves

c)

Sympathetic nerves only

d)

Hormones only

e)

No nerves

85.

The defaecation reflex may be triggered by:

a)

Increased saliva secretion

b)

Rectal distension stimulating stretch receptors

c)

Duodenal fat detection

d)

Gastric acid secretion

e)

Bile release into colon

86.

Rectal distension may stimulate the defaecation reflex in the:

a)

Cerebral cortex

b)

Spinal cord

c)

Cerebellum

d)

Thalamus

e)

Medulla only

87.

Defaecation normally requires relaxation of:

a)

Ileoceacal valve

b)

External anal sphincter

c)

Taeniae coli only

d)

Colon mucosa

e)

Appendix

88.

Faeces move along colon primarily until reaching the:

a)

Ileum

b)

Duodenum

c)

Rectum

d)

Caecum

e)

Stomach

89.

According to the slide, the rectum is usually:

a)

Full

b)

Empty

c)

Filled with chyme

d)

Filled with bile

e)

Filled with mucus only

90.

Of 500-1000 mL/day entering caecum, only ____ is lost in faeces:

a)

10-20 mL

b)

50-80 mL

c)

100-200 mL

d)

300-400 mL

e)

500-700 mL

91.

The first/proximal half of the colon where most reabsorption occurs is called:

a)

Secretory colon

b)

Absorbing colon

c)

Terminal colon

d)

Gastric colon

e)

Anal colon

92.

About 75% of faeces is:

a)

Fat

b)

Protein

c)

Water

d)

Cellulose

e)

Bacteria

93.

About 1/3 of the solid fraction of faeces is:

a)

Glucose

b)

Undigested cellulose

c)

Enzymes

d)

Bile salts

e)

Iron

94.

About 1/3 of the solid fraction of faeces is:

a)

Bacteria

b)

Water

c)

Vitamins

d)

Calcium

e)

Starch

95.

About 1/3 of the solid fraction of faeces is mostly:

a)

Protein

b)

Fat

c)

Minerals

d)

Water

e)

Bile only

96.

Total secretions listed per day are:

a)

6,000 mL

b)

7,210 mL

c)

8,000 mL

d)

8,710 mL

e)

10,000 mL

97.

Total fluid (secretions + ingested) per day is:

a)

7,210 mL

b)

8,000 mL

c)

8,710 mL

d)

9,000 mL

e)

10,210 mL

98.

Amount reabsorbed by the large intestine is:

a)

210 mL/day

b)

500 mL/day

c)

700 mL/day

d)

1,200 mL/day

e)

2,000 mL/day

99.

The daily faeces volume listed is approximately:

a)

60 mL

b)

100 mL

c)

210 mL

d)

500 mL

e)

1,500 mL

100.

Large intestine bacteria may produce vitamin K and:

a)

B1

b)

B6

c)

B12

d)

C

e)

D

101.

What is "i" ?

(a)  

102.

What is "iii" ?

(a)  

103.

What is "ii" ?

(a)  

104.

What is "v" ?

(a)  

105.

What is "iv" ?

(a)  

106.

What is "vi" ?

(a)  

107.

What is "vii" ?

(a)  

108.

What is "i" ?

(a)  

109.

What is "ii" ?

(a)  

110.

What is "iii" ?

(a)  

111.

What is "iv" ?

(a)  

112.

What is "v" ?

(a)  

113.

What is "vi" ?

(a)  

114.

What is "vii" ?

(a)  

115.

What is "viii" ?

(a)  

116.

What is "ix" ?

(a)  

117.

What is "x" ?

(a)  

118.

What is "xi" ?

(a)  

119.

What is "x" ?

(a)  

120.

Which part of the gut is primarily responsible for reabsorption of water and ions?

a)

Large intestine

b)

Stomach

c)

Small intestine

d)

Esophagus

e)

Pancreas

121.

Which valve regulates admission of chyme into the large intestine and prevents reflux into the ileum?

a)

Pyloric valve

b)

Ileocecal valve

c)

Anal sphincter

d)

Cardiac sphincter

e)

Duodenal valve

122.

Which vitamins are produced in significant amounts by bacteria in the large intestine?

a)

Vitamin C and D

b)

Vitamin A and E

c)

Vitamin K and B12

d)

Vitamin B1 and B2

e)

Vitamin D and K

123.

Which part of the colon directly follows the ascending colon?

a)

Transverse colon

b)

Descending colon

c)

Sigmoid colon

d)

Cecum

e)

Rectum

124.

Which term describes the folds visible on the inner surface of the colon that help form haustra?

a)

Villi

b)

Rugae

c)

Vibrissae

d)

Plicae circulares

e)

Semilunar folds

125.

Which of the following is a main function of the large intestine stated on the slides?

a)

Reabsorption of water and ions

b)

Primary absorption of proteins

c)

Digestion of lipids in large amounts

d)

Absorption of most vitamins

e)

Emulsification of fats

126.

Which anatomical feature prevents reflux of colonic contents back into the ileum?

a)

Taenia coli

b)

Haustra

c)

Semilunar folds

d)

Sigmoid colon

e)

Ileocecal valve

127.

How many anatomical sections is the large intestine divided into as listed on the slide?

a)

Four

b)

Five

c)

Seven

d)

Six

e)

Eight

128.

The vermiform appendix is approximately how long?

a)

10 cm

b)

2 cm

c)

25 cm

d)

5 cm

e)

1 cm

129.

What is the usual precipitating cause of acute appendicitis according to the slide?

a)

Viral infection

b)

Autoimmune reaction

c)

Obstruction of the lumen

d)

Ischemia

e)

Allergic reaction

130.

Appendicitis pain classically shifts to which abdominal area?

a)

Left upper quadrant

b)

Right iliac fossa

c)

Epigastrium only

d)

Left iliac fossa

e)

Suprapubic region

131.

What anatomical structure links the descending colon to the rectum?

a)

Ileocecal valve

b)

Appendix

c)

Transverse colon

d)

Sigmoid colon

e)

Anus

132.

Which organ terminates in the vermiform appendix?

a)

Caecum

b)

Ileum

c)

Ascending colon

d)

Sigmoid colon

e)

Rectum

133.

Which is the correct flow of contents through the large intestine starting at the ileocaecal valve?

a)

Caecum → ascending colon → transverse colon → descending colon → sigmoid colon → rectum

b)

Rectum → sigmoid colon → descending colon → transverse colon → ascending colon

c)

Ileum → stomach → caecum → colon

d)

Appendix → caecum → ileum → colon

e)

Ascending colon → caecum → transverse colon → descending colon

134.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the appendix?

a)

It is 1 metre long

b)

It has no lymphoid tissue

c)

It contains much lymphoid tissue

d)

It is a part of the small intestine

e)

It is part of the rectum

135.

Approximately how long is the colon?

a)

0.5 metres

b)

1.5 metres

c)

3 metres

d)

2.5 metres

e)

4 metres

136.

What are the sacculations or pocket-like constrictions of the colon called?

a)

Haustra

b)

Villi

c)

Rugae

d)

Plicae

e)

Crypts

137.

Which feature is NOT present internally in the colon?

a)

Tubular glands

b)

Goblet cells

c)

Villi

d)

Haustra

e)

Taeniae coli (external)

138.

How is the longitudinal muscle of the colon arranged?

a)

Evenly distributed layer

b)

In four bands

c)

As scattered bundles

d)

In three bands called taeniae coli

e)

Absent

139.

Which layer of the colon's muscularis externa is described as thick?

a)

Longitudinal

b)

Circular

c)

Serosa

d)

Mucosa

e)

Submucosa

140.

Which cell type is abundant in the colon mucosa and is responsible for mucus secretion?

a)

Goblet cells

b)

Enterocytes

c)

Paneth cells

d)

Chief cells

e)

Parietal cells

141.

Which of the following is NOT a labelled surface feature of the colon on the slides?

a)

Taenia coli

b)

Haustra

c)

Villi

d)

Omental appendices

e)

Semilunar folds

142.

Which of these describes the mucosal glands of the colon?

a)

Brunner's glands

b)

Closely packed tubular glands

c)

Peyer's patches

d)

Gastric pits

e)

Villus crypts

143.

Which of the following is true about the colon's mucosa compared to small intestine?

a)

It has longer villi

b)

It has fewer goblet cells

c)

It lacks villi

d)

It has microvilli only in the colon

e)

It contains Paneth cells in abundance

144.

Which structure is visible as three longitudinal bands along the colon surface?

a)

Taeniae coli

b)

Haustra bands

c)

Semilunar folds

d)

Omental appendices

145.

Which of the following statements is correct about the colon's muscular arrangement?

a)

Longitudinal muscle forms a complete layer uniformly

b)

Longitudinal muscle is arranged into three bands (taeniae coli)

c)

There is no circular muscle in the colon

d)

The colon muscle is only skeletal

e)

The colon lacks muscularis externa

146.

Which of the following best explains why the colon has many goblet cells?

a)

To absorb nutrients

b)

To secrete digestive enzymes

c)

To produce bile

d)

To secrete mucus and lubricate faeces

e)

To absorb lipids

147.

Which phrase describes the location of taeniae coli?

a)

In the mucosa

b)

On the external surface as three longitudinal muscle bands

c)

Inside the lumen as mucosal folds

d)

Within the submucosa only

e)

In the anal canal only

148.

Which part of the large intestine is most commonly associated with formation of haustra?

a)

Rectum

b)

Anal canal

c)

Colon

d)

Appendix

e)

Ileocecal valve

149.

Which microscopic feature would you expect to see in a transverse section of colon mucosa?

a)

Villi with enterocytes

b)

Brunner's glands

c)

Tubular glands and many goblet cells

d)

Dense villi cores with lacteals

e)

Keratinized stratified epithelium

150.

Approximately how long is the anal canal according to the slides?

a)

4 cm

b)

6 cm

c)

1.5 m

d)

8 cm

e)

20 cm

151.

Which statement about the rectum's muscularis externa is true?

a)

It lacks longitudinal muscle

b)

It has fewer goblet cells than the colon

c)

It has a thicker muscularis externa with a complete longitudinal muscle layer

d)

It contains villi

e)

It is lined by keratinized epithelium

152.

Which of the following is not true about the rectum on the slides?

a)

It has more goblet cells than the colon

b)

It has a thicker muscularis externa

c)

It has a complete longitudinal muscle layer

d)

It is longer than 50 cm

e)

It is about 12 cm long

153.

Which structure marks the transition between endoderm and ectoderm in the gut?

a)

Rectum

b)

Anal canal

c)

Ileocecal valve

d)

Sigmoid colon

e)

Appendix

154.

How far does the rectum suddenly turn backwards and down through the pelvic diaphragm?

a)

90°

b)

45°

c)

180°

d)

30°

e)

60°

155.

Which muscle type composes the internal anal sphincter?

a)

Skeletal (striated) muscle

b)

Smooth muscle

c)

Cardiac muscle

d)

Pseudo-striated muscle

e)

Voluntary muscle

156.

What composes the external anal sphincter?

a)

Skeletal (striated) muscle

b)

Smooth muscle

c)

Cardiac muscle

d)

Connective tissue only

e)

Smooth and cardiac muscle mix

157.

How long is the anal canal as stated on the slide?

a)

12 cm

b)

6 cm

c)

4 cm

d)

10 cm

e)

2 cm

158.

Which of these is a correct pair: sphincter type — muscle type?

a)

Internal sphincter — skeletal muscle

b)

Internal sphincter — smooth muscle

c)

External sphincter — smooth muscle

d)

External sphincter — cardiac muscle

e)

Internal sphincter — cardiac muscle

159.

Which statement about the anal canal is true?

a)

It is about 12 cm long

b)

It is not guarded by any sphincter

c)

It is lined by simple columnar epithelium throughout

d)

It marks the junction between endoderm and ectoderm and is about 4 cm long

e)

It is part of the small intestine

160.

What is the principal difference between internal and external anal sphincters?

a)

Internal is voluntary, external is involuntary

b)

Internal is smooth muscle (involuntary), external is skeletal (voluntary)

c)

Both are skeletal muscle

d)

Both are smooth muscle

e)

Internal is absent in adults

161.

Of the 500–1000 ml/day of chyme entering the caecum, how much is typically lost in the faeces?

a)

300–400 ml

b)

100–200 ml

c)

0 ml

d)

400–600 ml

e)

250–350 ml

162.

Where does most reabsorption occur within the colon?

a)

Distal half

b)

Rectum

c)

Proximal (absorbing) colon

d)

Sigmoid colon

e)

Anal canal

163.

Approximately what percentage of faeces is water?

a)

75%

b)

50%

c)

25%

d)

90%

e)

10%

164.

The solid portion of faeces is approximately divided into thirds consisting of:

a)

Muscle, fat, and mucus

b)

Proteins, carbohydrates, and salts

c)

Vitamins, bile pigments, and enzymes

d)

1/3 bacteria, 1/3 undigested cellulose, 1/3 mostly fat

e)

1/3 blood, 1/3 bile, 1/3 bacteria

165.

Which mechanism propels faeces along the colon?

a)

Rapid segmentation contractions

b)

Slow peristaltic contractions

c)

Ciliary beating

d)

Gravity only

e)

Smooth muscle tonic contraction only

166.

Which colon segment is typically the site of most fluid reabsorption?

a)

Sigmoid colon only

b)

Rectum only

c)

Proximal (absorbing) colon

d)

Distal colon primarily

e)

Anal canal

167.

Which of the following best describes faecal composition by weight?

a)

50% water, 50% solid

b)

90% water, 10% solid

c)

25% water, 75% solid

d)

75% water, 25% solid

e)

100% solid

168.

Which of the following is not a component of faecal solids as given on the slides?

a)

Undigested cellulose

b)

Villus tips

c)

Bacteria

169.

Which section of the colon is most likely to be empty under normal conditions?

a)

Ascending colon

b)

Transverse colon

c)

Descending colon

d)

Sigmoid colon

e)

Rectum

170.

What stimulates stretch receptors that may trigger the defaecation reflex?

a)

Gastric distension

b)

Small intestine peristalsis

c)

Distension of the rectum by faecal matter

d)

Empty colon

e)

Anal sphincter contraction

171.

Which nervous system component controls the internal anal sphincter during defaecation?

a)

Parasympathetic nerves

b)

Sympathetic nerves

c)

Somatic motor nerves

d)

Enteric nervous system exclusively

e)

Cranial nerves

172.

Which nerves control the external anal sphincter?

a)

Parasympathetic nerves

b)

Somatic motor nerves

c)

Sympathetic nerves

d)

Enteric plexus only

e)

Autonomic sensory nerves

173.

Which requirement must be met for defaecation to normally occur?

a)

Contraction of the external sphincter

b)

Sympathetic activation

c)

Inhibition of parasympathetic fibers

d)

Relaxation of the external anal sphincter (conscious control)

e)

Closure of the ileocecal valve

174.

Which reflex may be initiated by rectal distension?

a)

Defaecation reflex

b)

Gag reflex

c)

Cough reflex

d)

Micturition reflex

e)

Knee-jerk reflex

175.

Total daily fluid secretions added to the GIT are about:

a)

2 litres

b)

5 litres

c)

7.2 litres

d)

10 litres

e)

1 litre

176.

Approximately how much fluid do we ingest (oral intake) per day as shown?

a)

500 ml

b)

1,500 ml

c)

3,000 ml

d)

250 ml

e)

5,000 ml

177.

What is the total fluid volume in the GI tract per day combining secretions and ingested fluid?

a)

5,000 ml

b)

6,710 ml

c)

7,210 ml

d)

8,710 ml

e)

9,500 ml

178.

How much fluid is reabsorbed by the small intestine daily according to the table?

a)

8,000 ml

b)

500 ml

c)

210 ml

d)

1,200 ml

e)

7,210 ml

179.

How much fluid is reabsorbed by the large intestine daily?

a)

8,000 ml

b)

500 ml

c)

210 ml

d)

1,500 ml

e)

60 ml

180.

Approximately how much fluid is excreted in the faeces per day?

a)

500 ml

b)

1,200 ml

c)

210 ml

d)

60 ml

e)

8,000 ml

181.

Which secretion has the highest daily volume according to the table?

a)

Saliva

b)

Pancreatic

c)

Bile

d)

Succus entericus

e)

Colon secretion

182.

Which secretion is approximately 1,200 ml/day?

a)

Saliva and pancreatic (both ~1,200 ml)

b)

Bile

c)

Succus entericus only

d)

Colon secretion

e)

Gastric only

183.

What is the colon secretion volume per day listed in the table?

a)

200 ml

b)

500 ml

c)

1,200 ml

d)

2,050 ml

e)

60 ml

184.

Which item is correctly matched with its approximate daily secretion volume?

a)

Bile — 700 ml/day

b)

Gastric — 700 ml/day

c)

Saliva — 2,050 ml/day

d)

Pancreatic — 700 ml/day

e)

Succus entericus — 60 ml/day

185.

Which of the following contributes about 2,000 ml/day of secretion?

a)

Saliva

b)

Gastric secretions

c)

Pancreatic secretions

d)

Bile

e)

Colon secretions

186.

Which of the following best represents the correct daily total secretions value on the slide?

a)

5,000 ml

b)

8,710 ml

c)

7,210 ml

d)

1,500 ml

e)

210 ml

187.

Which secretion volume is closest to 1,200 ml/day besides saliva?

a)

Bile

b)

Succus entericus

c)

Pancreatic secretions

d)

Colon secretions

e)

Faecal output

188.

Which region of the GI tract reabsorbs the largest single volume of fluid daily?

a)

Small intestine

b)

Large intestine

c)

Stomach

d)

Colon secretions

e)

Esophagus

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