The results of Mendel's studies were published under the title "Experiments in Plant Hybridization" in 1866.

Title of Mendel's Published Work

Illustration of Mendelian Genetics

The membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes.

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

A structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones.

A self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

A pair of complementary bases in a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule, consisting of a purine in one strand linked by hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine in the other. Cytosine pairs with guanine, and adenine with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA).

Diagram of DNA Structure

This flashcard contains a diagram illustrating the structure of DNA, including nucleosomes, histone proteins, and base pairs.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.

Genetic information for development and functioning.

DNA is composed of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

Components of DNA: phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine.

DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to form a double helix.

Structure of DNA: double helix.

DNA is the genetic material responsible for characteristics passed from parent to child.

Genetic material for inheritance.

DNA is a linear polymer of nucleotides.

Structure of DNA: linear polymer of nucleotides.

Genetic information is transmitted as proteins.

Proteins are used to "translate" the code to other systems and may form hormones or direct growth.

The process of reading the genetic code by copying DNA to RNA.

The process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic code.

Proteins are large, complex molecules that play critical roles in the body, required for structure, function, and regulation of tissues and organs.

Two-step process in cells

Transcription and translation are used to read each gene and produce amino acids that make up a protein.

Diagram of transcription and translation

Illustrates the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

The genetic make-up of an individual, determined by ½ genes from sire and ½ genes from dam.

Refers to having different alleles for a particular trait.

Refers to having inherited the same versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent.

Different versions of the same gene.

An organism with two copies of the same gene for a trait.

Heterozygous Organism

An organism with different copies of a gene for a particular trait.

Diagram showing genetic makeup and alleles

Illustrates the concept of genotype and alleles in genetics.

A form of dominance where the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele in heterozygous conditions.

Phenotype of RR and Rr

RR and Rr have the same phenotype.

Illustration of complete dominance with flowers

Illustration showing how the dominant allele masks the recessive one in complete dominance.

Co-dominance refers to a type of inheritance where two alleles of the same gene are expressed separately, resulting in different traits in an individual.

In co-dominance, no allele is blocked, and both are expressed. It is the opposite of complete dominance.

Rr is intermediate to RR and rr in phenotype.

In co-dominance, the heterozygous genotype (Rr) shows a phenotype that is intermediate between the homozygous genotypes (RR and rr).

Illustration of co-dominance in cattle showing red (RR) and white (rr) cattle producing roan (Rr) offspring.

The diagram illustrates co-dominance where red and white cattle produce roan offspring, demonstrating both alleles being expressed.

Gene Interactions: Over-Dominance

The condition where a heterozygote produces a phenotype more extreme or better adapted than that of the homozygote.

Over-dominance in Corn Plants

Illustrates the concept of over-dominance with visual examples in corn.

Graph showing fitness (w) vs. genotype (AA, Aa, aa) with a peak at Aa indicating overdominance.

Illustrates overdominance where heterozygous genotype (Aa) has higher fitness compared to homozygous genotypes (AA, aa).

Punnett Square Diagram

The Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It was devised by Reginald C. Punnett in 1905.

A Punnett square is a table that shows all possible genetic outcomes from a cross between two individuals with known genotypes.

It is a tool used in genetics to predict the probability of offspring inheriting particular traits.

The Punnett square consists of a square divided into four quadrants.

Each quadrant represents a possible genotype of the offspring.

Punnett squares are used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

They help in understanding the inheritance patterns of traits.

The easiest way to learn the importance of the Punnett square is to see them in use.

Practical examples and exercises can enhance understanding.

Introduction to Genetics Flashcards

Student preview

66 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.

Back

Genetics

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Gregor Mendel was an Augustinian friar working in the 19th century.

Back

Gregor Mendel's Background

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Mendel conducted the first recorded, scientific studies of genetics.

Back

Mendel's Contribution to Genetics

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Mendelian inheritance refers to certain patterns of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

Back

Mendelian Genetics

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Gregor Johann Mendel is known as the "Father of Genetics."

Back

Title Given to Gregor Mendel

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Mendel was born in the district of Moravia in Austria.

Back

Mendel's Birthplace

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Mendel is best known for his experiments with garden peas from 1856 to 1863.

Back

Mendel's Experiments

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