4.5 Observational Studies and Experiments

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What is an observational study?

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An observational study is a type of research where the investigator observes and records behavior or outcomes without manipulating any variables. It aims to identify correlations or associations between variables.

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What is an experiment in research?

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An experiment is a study in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables to determine their effect on a dependent variable, allowing for causal inferences.

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What is the purpose of a placebo in experiments?

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A placebo is an inactive substance or treatment used to control for confounding variables, helping to ensure that the effects observed in an experiment are due to the treatment itself and not psychological factors.

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How does random assignment contribute to the validity of an experiment?

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Random assignment helps ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, which minimizes bias and helps establish causality by controlling for confounding variables.

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What is the difference between a controlled experiment and an observational study?

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A controlled experiment involves manipulation of variables and random assignment to groups, while an observational study involves observing and recording data without manipulation.

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What is a confounding variable?

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A confounding variable is an external factor that may affect the results of a study, making it difficult to determine the true relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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What is the significance of sample size in research studies?

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A larger sample size increases the reliability and validity of the study results, reducing the margin of error and increasing the power to detect true effects.

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What is the role of hypothesis testing in experiments?

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Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to determine whether there is enough evidence to reject a null hypothesis, helping researchers draw conclusions about their data.

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What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

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Qualitative research focuses on understanding concepts, experiences, or social phenomena through non-numerical data, while quantitative research involves numerical data and statistical analysis to test hypotheses.

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What is a longitudinal study?

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A longitudinal study is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over a long period, allowing researchers to track changes and developments over time.

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CCSS.RL.5.6