Sampling Design & Bias

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Convenience Sampling

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A source of bias that occurs when you ask people who are easy to ask, rather than a representative sample.

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Parameter

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A numerical characteristic of the population.

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Population

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The set of all observations made on all objects under study for a given characteristic or variable.

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Sample

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A set of observations that constitute part of the population.

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Census

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The process of gathering information/data from each member of the population.

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Response Bias

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A type of bias that occurs when respondents provide inaccurate answers due to various factors.

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Nonresponse Bias

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A bias that occurs when certain individuals selected for the sample do not respond.

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Voluntary Response Bias

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A bias that occurs when individuals can choose whether to participate, often leading to unrepresentative samples.

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Statistic

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A numerical characteristic of a sample.

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Sampling Frame

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A list of individuals from which a sample is drawn.