Final Exam Review_1

Ksp = [Ca²⁺]³ [PO₄³⁻]²

The reaction is spontaneous only at high temperatures.

Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]).

Biopolymers are large molecules made up of repeating units, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

The rate limiting step is the slowest step in the reaction sequence that determines the overall reaction rate.

Ksp = [products]^coefficients, where coefficients are the stoichiometric coefficients from the balanced equation.

K indicates the ratio of concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium.

A spontaneous reaction is one that occurs without external intervention, typically characterized by a decrease in free energy.

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where ΔG is the change in Gibbs free energy, ΔH is the change in enthalpy, and ΔS is the change in entropy.

Buffers help maintain a stable pH in biological systems by neutralizing acids and bases.