Flashcard: Studies, Bias, and Causation

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What is a Cluster Sample?

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A sampling method where entire groups (clusters) are randomly selected, and all individuals within those groups are surveyed.

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What is a Stratified Random Sample?

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A sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups (strata) and random samples are taken from each stratum.

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What is a Simple Random Sample?

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A sampling method where every individual has an equal chance of being selected from the population.

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What is a Systematic Sample?

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A sampling method where individuals are selected at regular intervals from a randomly ordered list.

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What is Bias in Sampling?

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Bias occurs when certain individuals or groups are systematically favored over others in the selection process.

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What is a Control Group?

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The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment and is used as a benchmark to measure how the other group is affected.

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What is an Observational Study?

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A study where researchers observe subjects without manipulating any variables.

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What is an Experimental Study?

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A study where researchers manipulate one or more variables to determine their effect on a response variable.

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What is the purpose of a placebo in experiments?

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A placebo is used to control for the psychological effects of receiving treatment, allowing researchers to isolate the effect of the actual treatment.

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What is the difference between correlation and causation?

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Correlation indicates a relationship between two variables, while causation indicates that one variable directly affects the other.