AP Bio Unit 4 (4.1-4.5) Review

Front

What are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?

Back

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are cell surface receptors that mediate cellular signaling.

Front

What are the three steps of signal transduction in order?

Back

Reception, transduction, response.

Front

How is signal amplification most often achieved?

Back

Signal amplification is most often achieved by an enzyme cascade.

Front

What is the role of second messengers in cellular signaling?

Back

Second messengers relay messages from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm.

Front

What is quorum sensing in bacteria?

Back

Quorum sensing is a process by which bacteria sense local population density.

Front

Define signal transduction.

Back

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell responds to substances or signals from its environment.

Front

What is the function of a receptor in signal transduction?

Back

A receptor binds to signaling molecules (ligands) and initiates a cellular response.

Front

What is the difference between a primary messenger and a secondary messenger?

Back

Primary messengers are signaling molecules that bind to receptors, while secondary messengers are molecules that relay signals inside the cell.

Front

What is an enzyme cascade?

Back

An enzyme cascade is a series of reactions where one enzyme activates another, leading to a rapid amplification of a signal.

Front

What is the significance of phosphorylation in signal transduction?

Back

Phosphorylation is a key mechanism that activates or deactivates proteins, thus regulating cellular processes.