AP Biology Unit 4 Review

Front

What is the role of secondary messengers in cell signaling?

Back

Secondary messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, often activating or deactivating enzymes.

Front

What are the three main steps of a signal transduction pathway?

Back

The three main steps are reception, transduction, and response.

Front

What occurs during the transduction phase of cell signaling?

Back

During transduction, the signal is converted into a form that can bring about a cellular response, often involving secondary messengers.

Front

What is an example of a final response in a signal transduction pathway?

Back

An example is the transcription of a desired mRNA sequence, leading to protein synthesis.

Front

What is the significance of similarities in cell communication between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Back

It suggests that cell communication processes have evolved over billions of years, indicating a common evolutionary origin.

Front

What phase follows metaphase in mitosis?

Back

Anaphase follows metaphase in mitosis.

Front

Define reception in the context of cell signaling.

Back

Reception is the first step in cell signaling where a signaling molecule binds to a receptor on the target cell's surface.

Front

What is a G-protein coupled receptor?

Back

A G-protein coupled receptor is a type of receptor that, when activated by a signaling molecule, activates a G-protein, which then triggers a signaling cascade inside the cell.

Front

What is the function of cAMP in signal transduction?

Back

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) acts as a secondary messenger that transmits signals from receptors to target molecules inside the cell.

Front

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

Back

A phosphorylation cascade is a series of chemical reactions during cell signaling where one enzyme phosphorylates another, leading to a chain reaction that amplifies the signal.