Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

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What is conduction?

Back

Conduction is the transfer of heat through a material without the movement of the material itself, typically occurring in solids. It happens when two objects at different temperatures are in direct contact.

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NGSS.MS-PS3-3

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What is convection?

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Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases). It occurs when warmer, less dense areas of a fluid rise and cooler, denser areas sink, creating a current.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-6

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What is radiation?

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Radiation is the transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves, such as infrared radiation. It does not require a medium and can occur in a vacuum.

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NGSS.HS-PS4-1

NGSS.HS-PS4-3

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How does heat transfer occur in conduction?

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In conduction, heat is transferred through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules, allowing energy to pass from the hotter region to the cooler region.

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NGSS.MS-PS3-3

NGSS.MS-PS3-4

Front

What is an example of conduction?

Back

An example of conduction is an ice cube melting in a person's hand, where heat from the hand transfers to the ice.

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NGSS.MS-PS3-3

NGSS.MS-PS3-4

Front

What is an example of convection?

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An example of convection is the heating of air in a room, where warm air rises and cooler air moves down to take its place.

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What is an example of radiation?

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An example of radiation is feeling warmth from the sun on your skin, where heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves.

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What is the direction of heat flow in heat transfer?

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Heat always flows from the hotter substance to the colder substance.

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NGSS.MS-PS1-4

Front

What role does density play in convection?

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In convection, warmer fluids are less dense and rise, while cooler fluids are denser and sink, creating a circulation pattern.

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What is thermal equilibrium?

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Thermal equilibrium is the state reached when two objects in contact with each other reach the same temperature, resulting in no net heat transfer.

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NGSS.HS-PS3-4