Stats Reasoning Final Exam Review - Part II

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What is an explanatory variable?

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An explanatory variable, also known as an independent variable, is a variable that is manipulated or controlled in an experiment to test its effects on a dependent variable.

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What is a response variable?

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A response variable, also known as a dependent variable, is the outcome or effect that is measured in an experiment to see how it is influenced by the explanatory variable.

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What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?

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Independent variables are manipulated to observe their effect on dependent variables, which are measured outcomes.

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What is bias in survey responses?

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Bias occurs when participants' answers are influenced by factors other than their true opinions or experiences, leading to inaccurate results.

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What does a significance level of 0.05 indicate in hypothesis testing?

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A significance level of 0.05 indicates that there is a 5% chance of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.

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What is the least squares regression line?

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The least squares regression line is a statistical method used to determine the line of best fit for a set of data points, minimizing the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of the points from the line.

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What is the formula for the least squares regression line?

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The formula for the least squares regression line is typically expressed as y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.

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What is the purpose of hypothesis testing?

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Hypothesis testing is used to determine whether there is enough statistical evidence in a sample of data to infer that a certain condition holds true for the entire population.

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What is a null hypothesis?

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A null hypothesis is a statement that there is no effect or no difference, and it serves as the default assumption that is tested in hypothesis testing.

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What is an alternative hypothesis?

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An alternative hypothesis is a statement that contradicts the null hypothesis, indicating that there is an effect or a difference.