Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Division

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Signal Transduction Pathway

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A series of molecular interactions that convert a signal received by a cell's receptor into a specific cellular response.

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Ligand

Back

A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule, often to initiate signal transduction.

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Receptor Protein

Back

A protein embedded in the cell membrane or within the cell that binds to specific ligands to initiate a cellular response.

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G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

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A type of receptor that activates a G protein when a ligand binds, triggering downstream signaling.

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Second Messenger

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Small molecules or ions (e.g., cAMP, Ca²⁺) that relay signals received by receptors to target molecules within the cell.

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Kinase Cascade (Phosphorylation Cascade)

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A sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction that leads to a cellular response.

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Amplification

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The process by which a single signal molecule can cause a cascade of responses, amplifying the original signal.

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Autocrine Signaling

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A form of cell signaling where a cell releases a signal that binds to receptors on its own surface.

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Paracrine Signaling

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A form of signaling where cells release signals to affect nearby target cells.

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Endocrine Signaling

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A type of long-distance signaling where hormones are released into the bloodstream to reach target cells.