A colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas released from the incomplete combustion of most matter. Car exhaust is the number one source of CO. It displaces O2 in the blood stream, asphyxiating (suffocating) animals.

Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen (FF, gasoline, diesel, etc.).

The condition of the air based on the amount of pollutants in it. Air quality is measured and regulated by the EPA based on levels of major criteria pollutants.

A heavy mineral oil used as fuel in diesel engines. More CO & PM emitting than gasoline.

1970- law that established national standards for air quality, auto and industrial emissions. Gives EPA power to monitor and regulate the 6 criteria air pollutants.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The US federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment. They enforce air quality regulations.

Naturally occurring metal found in rocks in the earth. Also a former additive to gasoline and paint, and currently found in coal ash. Potent neurotoxin that can cause learning disabilities in children.

Primary air pollutants

Air pollutants that are directly emitted from human or natural sources ex: CO, CO2, SO2, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates.

Secondary air pollutants

Air pollutants formed when primary air pollutants react with water, sunlight, oxygen, or other compounds in the atmosphere. ex: ozone, and acid rain.

Used to drill for oil/gas in water that is too deep for platforms. Can cause noise pollution in the ocean, disrupting communication and mating or migration of marine mammals.

A very large ship that is fitted with tanks for carrying oil across oceans. Can cause noise pollution in the ocean, disrupting communication and mating or migration of marine mammals.

The use of reflected sound waves to determine distances or to locate objects. Used by animal species such as bats and dolphins, but also used by ships (SONAR), which can interfere with animal communication.

A unit of measurement of loudness of a sound. The louder the sound, the more cochlear (hearing) damage it can cause.

Unit of measurement for frequency of sound waves.

The path a migrating species such as whales or birds follow. Can be interrupted by noise pollution if species depend on communication during migration.

Damage to hairs within the auditory tract that assist with hearing. Can be cause by high intensity sounds (high decibel).

Urban vs. ocean noise pollution

Urban sources include vehicles, factories, lawnmowers while ocean (marine) sources are more from ship traffic and the use of SONAR by military or trade ships.

A secondary pollutant formed when NO2 reacts with water vapor in the atmosphere. Dissociates from HNO3 to H+ and NO3 - ions.

Env. effects of acid rain

Death of species with narrow pH tolerance ranges, increased solubility of toxic metals like aluminum and mercury in soils and waters, leeching of positively charged soil nutrients like Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, decreased biodiversity and food web interruption.

NO3- formed by dissociation of nitric acid (HNO3).

SO4 2- formed by dissociation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

H+, released by the dissociation of sulfuric and nitric acid. The more acidic something is, the greater the concentration of H+ ions.

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

A secondary pollutant formed from the reaction of SO2 with oxygen and water in the atmosphere. Dissociates from H2SO4 to H+ and SO4 2- ions.

Reducing NOx and SO2 emissions is the number one way to reduce acid rain. Crushed limestone, marble dust, eggshells (anything with calcium carbonate) can be added to soil or waters in order to neutralize pH.

A sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium carbonate.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

A basic compound that is often used to neutralize acidic soils, waters, or other substances. Neutralizes the pH by absorbing excess H+ ions.

Vapor recovery nozzle

Standard-issue gasoline pump handle that has a separate tube in the nozzle to recover VOCs and benzene and return them to the gasoline storage tank underneath the gas station. Reduces smog & human exposure to benzene, a carcinogen.

A device required on all vehicles built after 1975 that oxidizes NO2, CO, and VOCs emissions from the engine into less harmful emissions (CO2, H20, O2, and N2). Platinum and palladium metals inside the device cause this conversion. Reduces NOx (& therefore smog).

Fluidized bed combustion

Granulated coal is burned in close proximity to calcium carbonate (often in limestone), reduces sulfur dioxide emissions.

CaCO3. A strong base that is commonly used to neutralize acids in soil, water, or in exhaust streams of coal power plants, such as fluidized bed combustion or dry scrubbers. Naturally found in limestone and marble.

Reduces PM and SO2 from emissions of coal power plants and factories by using fine mists of water vapor trap particulates and gasses and collect them in a sludge at the bottom of the device that is collected and disposed of usually in a landfill.

A column filled with chemical agents that trap and neutralize SO2, VOCs, and NOx in emissions from coal power plants. Calcium oxide is a common chemical agent that traps and neutralizes these pollutants.

Dirty air enters, combustion exhaust stream and dust/physical particles are trapped in a series of large filter bags. Cleaner and filtered air moves out of unit, shaker mechanism activated periodically to dislodge trapped particles which can then be collected from below unit.

Electrostatic precipitator

A device used for removing particulates from smokestack emissions. The particles flow past a negatively charged electrode that gives them a negative static charge. They are then attracted to a series of oppositely charged (positive) metal plates, where they are precipitated out of the air.

1970 Law that gives the EPA the power to set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants from power plants and factories. Effectively reduced NOx & SO2 levels in the atmosphere, reducing acid rain effects.

Pollutant found in old paints or outdated lead water pipes. Leads to nervous system damage, especially learning disabilities in children.

Volatile organic compounds. Indoor sources include combustion of biomass, glues (adhesives) in furniture, floor sealing chemicals, odor sprays, cleaning equipment, new fabrics. Human health impacts include eye and respiratory irritation and worsening of asthma.

Carbon monoxide. Sources include indoor combustion of biomass, and faulty ventilation pipes in natural gas furnaces. Classified as an asphyxiant, meaning it causes suffocation (by displacing O2 in blood stream).

Gas that forms from the radioactive decay of uranium in rocks under the ground. Enters homes through cracks in the foundation and can cause lung cancer if proper ventilation doesn't allow it to exit the house.

A long, thin, fibrous silicate mineral with insulating properties, which can cause lung cancer or asbestosis when inhaled. Previously used in insulation for ceilings and in flooring materials. Should be removed carefully by trained professionals with ventilation equipment.

Particulate matter. Indoor sources include combustion of biomass (cooking, wood stoves, fireplaces, wood fires for warmth), dust, mold. Impacts include respiratory or eye irritation and worsening of asthma.

A specific VOC that is used as an adhesive (glue) in furniture and particle board in buildings. Classified as a likely human carcinogen.

Sick building syndrome

A buildup of air pollutants in an airtight space, seen in newer buildings. Primarily due to VOCs given off by not completely dried adhesives in new furniture, fabrics, flooring sealants, and paints. Impacts include respiratory and eye irritation, as well as coughing, wheezing, headaches, nausea.

Atmospheric Temperature Gradient

Normally, temperature decreases as altitude increases. This is because warm air rises, expands, and cools.

APES Unit 7 Vocab Flashcards

Student preview

69 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Carbon dioxide

Back

GHG that comes from the combustion of FFs and clearing of land (as organic matter decomposes). Single most important GHG because of its high atmospheric concentration, relative to other GHGs.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Back

A corrosive gas that comes primarily from combustion of FFs. Resp. Irritant, damages plant tissue, converts to sulfuric acid and acid rain.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Particulate matter

Back

Solid or liquid particles suspended in air. Sources = combustion of pretty much all matter, construction, forest fires, volcanoes, roads. Resp. irritant, makes asthma worse, blocks sunlight (decreasing photosynthesis), and decreases visibility by creating haze.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Back

NO or NO2. NO2 is a pungent, reddish-brown gas. Both are released from combustion of pretty much all matter (FFs, wood, biomass, etc.) & decomposition of organic material in ag. fields. Resp. irritant, forms ozone and photochemical smog, converts to nitric acid and acid rain.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Ozone (O3)

Back

Beneficial in the stratosphere (blocks UV rad.) but harmful to humans (resp. irr.) and plants in the troposphere. Forms as a secondary pollutant from the reaction of NOx + O2 + sunlight.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Photochemical smog

Back

Air pollution that forms from the interaction between NOx + VOCs + Sunlight.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Nitric acid

Back

(HNO3) formed when NO2 reacts with water vapor in the atmosphere. It is a harmful component of acid deposition and plays a role in photochemical smog.

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