Data Collection and Sampling Methods

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Quantitative Data

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Refers to data that can be expressed as numbers, allowing for statistical analysis and mathematical calculations.

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Categorical

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A variable or data type that represents distinct categories or groups. Example: Area codes.

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Bias

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A systematic tendency where methods used to gather data present an inaccurate or skewed depiction of reality.

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Randomization

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A statistical process ensuring each selection has an equal chance of being chosen, eliminating bias.

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Convenience Sampling

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Made up of people who are easy to reach.

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Undercoverage Bias

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Occurs when a specific segment of the population is systematically underrepresented.

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Nonresponse Bias

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Introduced when respondents differ from non-respondents, potentially invalidating results.

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Response Bias

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Occurs when there is a systematic pattern of inaccurate answers to a survey question.

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Simple Random

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Every possible sample has an equal chance of being selected from the target population.

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Systematic Random

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Choosing a random sample by selecting a fixed starting point and using a constant interval between samples.