Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Test

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What is the primary cause of Tuberculosis?

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Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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What are Koch's postulates?

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Koch's postulates are a set of criteria to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

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List the four main Koch's postulates.

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1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. 2. The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture from the diseased host. 3. The pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. 4. The pathogen must be re-isolated from the inoculated animal and identified as the same pathogen.

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What is antimicrobial resistance?

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Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microorganisms evolve to resist the effects of medications that once killed them or inhibited their growth.

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What factors contribute to the re-emergence of infectious diseases?

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Factors include antimicrobial resistance, changes in land use, population displacement, and reduced vaccination rates.

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What are common routes for pathogens to enter the body?

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Common routes include through the skin, respiratory tract, and digestive tract.

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What is vector-borne transmission?

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Vector-borne transmission occurs when a pathogen is transmitted to humans through a vector, such as mosquitoes or ticks.

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What is direct contact transmission?

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Direct contact transmission occurs when an infected person touches or exchanges bodily fluids with a susceptible person.

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What is indirect contact transmission?

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Indirect contact transmission occurs when pathogens are transferred via an intermediate object or organism, such as contaminated surfaces.

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What is the role of vaccines in disease prevention?

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Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens, preventing disease.