Chapter 10: Islamic Civilization and Byzantium

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Roman Catholicism

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The branch of Christianity that developed in Western Europe, recognizing the Pope as its supreme head.

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Eastern Orthodox

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The branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire, rejecting the Pope's authority.

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Sassanids

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A Persian dynasty that rivaled the Byzantine Empire.

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Quran

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The holy book of Islam, believed by Muslims to be the word of God revealed to Muhammad.

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5 Pillars

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The core beliefs and practices of Islam: faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage.

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Heraclius

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A Byzantine emperor who reorganized the empire and fought against the Sassanids.

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Muhammad

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The prophet and founder of Islam.

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Hijra

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Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

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Hadith

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Collections of sayings and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad.

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Kaaba

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A sacred shrine in Mecca, the most holy place in Islam.