Statistical Hypothesis Testing Concepts

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What is the Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ or Hₐ)?

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A claim about the population that contradicts the null hypothesis, often representing what the researcher is trying to prove.

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What does Degrees of Freedom refer to in hypothesis testing?

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It is used in calculating the critical value for the t-test in two-sample problems, with formulas for unequal and equal variances.

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Define Hypothesis in the context of statistics.

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An assumption proposed to test whether it is true or not.

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What is Hypothesis Testing?

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A statistical method that uses sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population.

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What is a Left-Tailed Test?

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A test where the alternative hypothesis is expressed using the less than symbol (<), with the rejection region in the left tail of the sampling distribution.

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What is the Null Hypothesis (H₀)?

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A statement about the population believed to be true or used to argue unless shown incorrect beyond a reasonable doubt.

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What is a Right-Tailed Test?

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A test where the alternative hypothesis is expressed using the greater than symbol (>), with the rejection region in the right tail of the sampling distribution.

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What is the Significance Level (α)?

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The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true, commonly set at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.10.

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Define Standard Error (SE).

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The approximate standard deviation of a statistical sample population, illustrating variation between the calculated mean and an accepted accurate mean.

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What is the Standard Normal Distribution?

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A normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1, used as the basis for Z-tests.